Chap 9

Question 1

Vultures defecate onto their legs on hot days so that the evaporating excretions will cool their legs.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Allostasis refers to biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The immune system works more vigorously at a decreased temperature.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Hypovolemic thirst may occur following blood loss.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

The vagus nerve conveys information about the nutrient contents of the stomach.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

What does negative feedback do?

Answer 6

It reduces discrepancies from a set point

Question 7

How do poikilothermic (ectothermic) animals regulate their body temperature, if at all?

Answer 7

They move to a location with a more favorable temperature.

Question 8

What is the primary advantage of maintaining a constant high body temperature?

Answer 8

It keeps the muscles ready for rapid, prolonged activity even in cold weather.

Question 9

If we inserted a probe into the POA/AH and directly heated that area, what, if anything, would happen?

Answer 9

The animal would sweat or pant.

Question 10

When you have an infection, what causes the fever?

Answer 10

The immune system increases delivery of prostaglandins and histamine to the POA/AH.

Question 11

Which of the following is the most correct description of a fever?

Answer 11

Fever is one way by which the body fights against bacteria.

Question 12

If you lacked vasopressin, how would your drinking change, if at all?

Answer 12

you would drink more

Question 13

What would happen as a result of adding salt to the body’s extracellular fluids?

Answer 13

Increased osmotic thirst

Question 14

How does hypovolemic thirst differ from osmotic thirst?

Answer 14

Someone with hypovolemic thirst prefers slightly salty water.

Question 15

People differ in their likelihood of consuming milk products in adulthood because of what type of genetic difference?

Answer 15

Genetic variants in ability to metabolize lactose

Question 16

Which of the following describes the relationship between taste and eating?

Answer 16

Taste is neither necessary nor sufficient for eating, although it contributes.

Question 17

After surgical removal of someone’s stomach, what mechanism, if any, can produce satiety?

Answer 17

Distension of the duodenum

Question 18

When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases the hormone CCK. By what peripheral (non-CNS) mechanism does it increase satiety?

Answer 18

CCK tightens the sphincter muscle between the stomach and the duodenum.

Question 19

Increased blood glucose causes increased release of ________ , which ________ the ability of glucose to enter the cells.

Answer 19

insulin … increases

Question 20

eople with untreated Type 1 diabetes have ________ levels of insulin, ________ levels of blood glucose, and ________ levels of hunger.

Answer 20

low…high…high

Question 21

Leptin is produced by the ________ cells. In most cases it tends to ________ appetite.

Answer 21

fat…decrease

Question 22

Which is the only neuropeptide that increases hunger?

Answer 22

Ghrelin

Question 23

How do taste and ghrelin promote eating and arousal?

Answer 23

They increase inhibition from the arcuate nucleus to the paraventricular nucleus, an area that inhibits the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 24

If researchers could find a safe drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors, what would be the probable benefit?

Answer 24

Helping people lose weight

Question 25

The lateral hypothalamus facilitates feeding in several ways. Which of the following is not one of them?

Answer 25

It decreases digestive secretions.

Question 26

Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus produces a steady increase in the release of insulin. Which of the following is a consequence?

Answer 26

More of each meal is stored as fat.

Question 27

What evidence suggests that high ghrelin levels lead to weight gain in Prader-Willi syndrome?

Answer 27

People with this syndrome continue to have high ghrelin levels even if they lose weight.

Question 28

How has the prevalence of obesity changed since the availability of high-fructose corn syrup and artificially sweetened diet beverages?

Answer 28

The prevalence of obesity has increased after the availability of both of these.

Question 29

People with bulimia have elevated ghrelin levels. Is this abnormality a likely cause of bulimia? And what is the evidence?

Answer 29

No. It is probably not a cause. As people recover from bulimia, their ghrelin level returns toward normal.

Question 30

Which term refers to biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range?

Answer 30

homeostasis

Question 31

Which term refers to the adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation, avoiding errors rather than simply correcting them?

Answer 31

allostasis

Question 32

Amphibians, reptiles, and most fish are ________ .

Answer 32

poikilothermic

Question 33

The ________ controls temperature-regulating mechanisms such as shivering, sweating, changes in heart rate and metabolism, and changes in blood flow to the skin.

Answer 33

raphe nucleus

Question 34

The effect of vasopressin on the body is to ________

Answer 34

concentrate urine

Question 35

Who is likely to develop osmotic thirst?

Answer 35

Sammy, who is eating really salty chips

Question 36

Which part of the brain detects osmotic pressure?

Answer 36

subfornical organ

Question 37

When blood volume drops, the kidneys release the enzyme ________ .

Answer 37

renin

Question 38

When the body's sodium reserves are low, the adrenal glands produce ________ .

Answer 38

aldosterone

Question 39

Anna is giving a talk about common myths and truths with regard to food. Which would be an example of a "truth"?

Answer 39

fish is brain food

Question 40

Which nerve conveys information about the stretching of the stomach walls?

Answer 40

vagus nerve

Question 41

Which substance signals the brain about fat reserves, providing a long-term indicator of overeating or undereating?

Answer 41

leptin

Question 42

Which nerve conveys information about the nutrient contents of the stomach?

Answer 42

splanchnic nerve

Question 43

People with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes may lose weight because ________ .

Answer 43

glucose can neither enter cells to be used for energy nor be stored as fat

Question 44

The hunger-sensitive cells of the arcuate nucleus receive excitatory input from axons releasing the substance ________ .

Answer 44

ghrelin

Question 45

The satiety cells in the arcuate nucleus are stimulated by ________ .

Answer 45

nicotine

Question 46

Darryl has a genetic syndrome associated with short stature, intellectual disability, and obesity. He is most likely to be diagnosed with ________ .

Answer 46

Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 47

ndividuals with mutations in the gene for ________ overeat and become obese beginning in childhood and continuing into adulthood.

Answer 47

melanocortin

Question 48

Because most people who lose weight while on a diet do not maintain the weight loss for years, psychologists recommend ________ .

Answer 48

small changes to dietary habits

Question 49

ndividuals who are ________ have increased production of ghrelin and resemble drug addicts in that tasty food stimulates the same areas as addictive drugs.

Answer 49

bulimic