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BioPsych > Chap 9 > Flashcards

Chap 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Vultures defecate onto their legs on hot days so that the evaporating excretions will cool their legs.

A

True

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2
Q

Allostasis refers to biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

A

False

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3
Q

The immune system works more vigorously at a decreased temperature.

A

False

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4
Q

Hypovolemic thirst may occur following blood loss.

A

True

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5
Q

The vagus nerve conveys information about the nutrient contents of the stomach.

A

False

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6
Q

What does negative feedback do?

A

It reduces discrepancies from a set point

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7
Q

How do poikilothermic (ectothermic) animals regulate their body temperature, if at all?

A

They move to a location with a more favorable temperature.

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8
Q

What is the primary advantage of maintaining a constant high body temperature?

A

It keeps the muscles ready for rapid, prolonged activity even in cold weather.

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9
Q

If we inserted a probe into the POA/AH and directly heated that area, what, if anything, would happen?

A

The animal would sweat or pant.

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10
Q

When you have an infection, what causes the fever?

A

The immune system increases delivery of prostaglandins and histamine to the POA/AH.

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11
Q

Which of the following is the most correct description of a fever?

A

Fever is one way by which the body fights against bacteria.

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12
Q

If you lacked vasopressin, how would your drinking change, if at all?

A

you would drink more

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13
Q

What would happen as a result of adding salt to the body’s extracellular fluids?

A

Increased osmotic thirst

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14
Q

How does hypovolemic thirst differ from osmotic thirst?

A

Someone with hypovolemic thirst prefers slightly salty water.

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15
Q

People differ in their likelihood of consuming milk products in adulthood because of what type of genetic difference?

A

Genetic variants in ability to metabolize lactose

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16
Q

Which of the following describes the relationship between taste and eating?

A

Taste is neither necessary nor sufficient for eating, although it contributes.

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17
Q

After surgical removal of someone’s stomach, what mechanism, if any, can produce satiety?

A

Distension of the duodenum

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18
Q

When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases the hormone CCK. By what peripheral (non-CNS) mechanism does it increase satiety?

A

CCK tightens the sphincter muscle between the stomach and the duodenum.

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19
Q

Increased blood glucose causes increased release of ________ , which ________ the ability of glucose to enter the cells.

A

insulin … increases

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20
Q

eople with untreated Type 1 diabetes have ________ levels of insulin, ________ levels of blood glucose, and ________ levels of hunger.

A

low…high…high

21
Q

Leptin is produced by the ________ cells. In most cases it tends to ________ appetite.

A

fat…decrease

22
Q

Which is the only neuropeptide that increases hunger?

A

Ghrelin

23
Q

How do taste and ghrelin promote eating and arousal?

A

They increase inhibition from the arcuate nucleus to the paraventricular nucleus, an area that inhibits the lateral hypothalamus.

24
Q

If researchers could find a safe drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors, what would be the probable benefit?

A

Helping people lose weight

25
Q

The lateral hypothalamus facilitates feeding in several ways. Which of the following is not one of them?

A

It decreases digestive secretions.

26
Q

Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus produces a steady increase in the release of insulin. Which of the following is a consequence?

A

More of each meal is stored as fat.

27
Q

What evidence suggests that high ghrelin levels lead to weight gain in Prader-Willi syndrome?

A

People with this syndrome continue to have high ghrelin levels even if they lose weight.

28
Q

How has the prevalence of obesity changed since the availability of high-fructose corn syrup and artificially sweetened diet beverages?

A

The prevalence of obesity has increased after the availability of both of these.

29
Q

People with bulimia have elevated ghrelin levels. Is this abnormality a likely cause of bulimia? And what is the evidence?

A

No. It is probably not a cause. As people recover from bulimia, their ghrelin level returns toward normal.

30
Q

Which term refers to biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range?

A

homeostasis

31
Q

Which term refers to the adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation, avoiding errors rather than simply correcting them?

A

allostasis

32
Q

Amphibians, reptiles, and most fish are ________ .

A

poikilothermic

33
Q

The ________ controls temperature-regulating mechanisms such as shivering, sweating, changes in heart rate and metabolism, and changes in blood flow to the skin.

A

raphe nucleus

34
Q

The effect of vasopressin on the body is to ________

A

concentrate urine

35
Q

Who is likely to develop osmotic thirst?

A

Sammy, who is eating really salty chips

36
Q

Which part of the brain detects osmotic pressure?

A

subfornical organ

37
Q

When blood volume drops, the kidneys release the enzyme ________ .

A

renin

38
Q

When the body’s sodium reserves are low, the adrenal glands produce ________ .

A

aldosterone

39
Q

Anna is giving a talk about common myths and truths with regard to food. Which would be an example of a “truth”?

A

fish is brain food

40
Q

Which nerve conveys information about the stretching of the stomach walls?

A

vagus nerve

41
Q

Which substance signals the brain about fat reserves, providing a long-term indicator of overeating or undereating?

A

leptin

42
Q

Which nerve conveys information about the nutrient contents of the stomach?

A

splanchnic nerve

43
Q

People with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes may lose weight because ________ .

A

glucose can neither enter cells to be used for energy nor be stored as fat

44
Q

The hunger-sensitive cells of the arcuate nucleus receive excitatory input from axons releasing the substance ________ .

A

ghrelin

45
Q

The satiety cells in the arcuate nucleus are stimulated by ________ .

A

nicotine

46
Q

Darryl has a genetic syndrome associated with short stature, intellectual disability, and obesity. He is most likely to be diagnosed with ________ .

A

Prader-Willi syndrome

47
Q

ndividuals with mutations in the gene for ________ overeat and become obese beginning in childhood and continuing into adulthood.

A

melanocortin

48
Q

Because most people who lose weight while on a diet do not maintain the weight loss for years, psychologists recommend ________ .

A

small changes to dietary habits

49
Q

ndividuals who are ________ have increased production of ghrelin and resemble drug addicts in that tasty food stimulates the same areas as addictive drugs.

A

bulimic

BioPsych (8 decks)

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