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psyc 100 exam 2 > chap 8 > Flashcards

chap 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is memory?

A

recalling past events and learning through encoding, storage and retrieval

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2
Q

encoding?

A

getting info into memory

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3
Q

storage

A

retaining memories for future use

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4
Q

retrieval

A

recapturing memories when we used them

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5
Q

info processing model

A

info passes through 3 memory stores during encoding retrieval, and storage
-memory similar to computer
-brain retains sensory memory for less than a sec
-sensory memories: iconic/ echoic (what we see/hear)
-paying attention info enters working memory for 30 secs ; capacity is 5-9 items and encoded enters long term memory –> stores info forever

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6
Q

parallel distributed processing model

A

info is represented in brain as a pattern of activation across neural networks

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7
Q

how do we encode info to memory?

A

PAY ATTENTION AND ENCODE

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8
Q

automatic processing?

A

remembering w/o conscious effort or awareness

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9
Q

effortful processing?

A

remembering something w/ careful attention and conscious effort

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10
Q

sensory memory?

A

involving detailed, brief sensory images or sounds retained for a brief period of time:
-photo viewed for a brief moment
-brief glance at a passing car
-random letters examined for less than a sec (sperling’s test of sensory memory

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11
Q

what is long term memory?

A

all info we gather that is available for use
-ex. skills, ppl we know, past feelings

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12
Q

what is spaced practiced effect?

A

moving working memories into long term memory by rehearsing over time

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13
Q

phonological encoding

A

encoding based on sound

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14
Q

visual encoding

A

encoding based on how info looks
-ppl with photographic memory have good visual encoding skillz

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15
Q

semantic encoding>?

A

encoding based on meaning of info

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16
Q

methods of effortful encoding?

A

understand
elaborate
use of mnemonic devices
chunking
PQRST (preview, question, read, self recitation, test)
schemas –> new info according to categories of prev exp and learning

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17
Q

storage limits of memory?

A

can only be helf for a limited period of time and this kind of memory is either passed to long term memory or lost

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18
Q

what is a memory span?

A

max # of items that can be recalled in the correct order

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19
Q

explicit memory?

A

-long term memory
-memory that a person can bring consciously to mind (home address, birthday)

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20
Q

implicit memory?

A

long term
memory that a person is not consciously aware of –> learned motor behavs, skills and habits (riding a bike)

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21
Q

semantic memory?

A

explicit memory
memory of general knowledge of the world

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22
Q

episodic memory?

A

explicit memory
memory of personal events or episodes from one’s life

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23
Q

types of long term memory? how does it break down?

A

explicit (conscious)–> semantic, episodic
implicit (subconscious)–> procedural, classically conditioned, priming

24
Q

how do we retrieve memory?

A

-mentally search and if found, brought back to working memory

25
Q

serial position effect?

A

-memory depends on position of info in a sequence
-we are more likely to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle

26
Q

what helps retrieval?

A

-retrieval cues, context effects, encoding specificity principle

27
Q

what are retrieval cues?

A

-words, sights or other stimuli that remind us of info we need to retrieve from memory
-helps w/ retrieval

28
Q

context effects?

A

-helps with retrieval
-we can remember things better where we first learned them

29
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

original context, mood, state in which we learn material is loaded w/ retrieval cues –> memories of original event
MIX OF RETRIEVAL CUES AND CONTEXT EFFECTS

30
Q

priming?

A

-helps w/ retrieval
-one piece of info helps us retrieve other related memories

31
Q

recog and recall? + priming

A

-recog is easier than recall due to priming

32
Q

state dependent memory

A

you remember things better when you are in the same state of mind you were in when you first learned it

33
Q

emotional arousal and memory

A

Increases in emotional arousal = likelihood that items will be remembered

34
Q

flashbulb memories?

A

detailed and near permanent memories of an emotionally significant event surrounding the moment we learn about the event

35
Q

forgetting?

A

;inability to recall info that was prev encoded into memory
may be due to failure of attention or lack of retrieval cues

36
Q

reasons for retrieval failure>? (3)

A

decay theory
interference theory
motivated forgetting

37
Q

what is decay theory?

A

memory traces fade over time if they are not used

38
Q

what is the forgetting curve?

A

forgetting levels off and amount of info we retain stabilizes

39
Q

interference theory? (2)

A

influenced by what happens to ppl before or after they take info in

proactive–> competing info that is learned before forgotten material and prevents subsequent recall (old memories make it harder to learn new things)
ex. getting a new phone number but can only remember the old one

retroactive interference –> learning new info disrupts access to prev recalled info (new makes you forget old memories)’
ex. studying a diff language and forgetting the old language

40
Q

motivated forgetting?

A

forgetting info that is unpleasant, embarrassing or painful

41
Q

repression?

A

process in which we unconsciously prevent some traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we do not have to exp the anxiety or blows to our self concept that the memories would bring

42
Q

source misattributions?

A

remembering info but not the source –> may remember info from unreliable sources as true
(misinfo and imagination)

43
Q

3 factors that contribute to memory distortions?

A

source misattributions, imagination, misinfo

44
Q

what is imagination?

A

memories distorted by false info from our imaginations

45
Q

misinformation?

A

exposure to new info–> misinfo distorts false memories

-inaccurate eyewitness testimony
-hypnosis can distort memories when its supposed to rediscover them

46
Q

brain and memory?

A

-prefrontal cortex: working memory
-hippocampus : transfers memories to long term

47
Q

memory consolidation?

A

memories stabilize in the brain

48
Q

potentiation? (AP)

A

synchronous networks of cells firing tgt

49
Q

long term potentiation

A

repeated stimulation of certain nerve cells in brain greatly increases likelihood that cells will respond strongly to future stimulation

50
Q

infantile amnesia?

A

memories of faces, places, and skills but not memories of life before 4
-hippocampus develops slowly
-most early episodic memories are emotional

51
Q

prospective memory?

A

ability to remember content in future

52
Q

retrospective memory

A

ability to remember content from the past

53
Q

amnesic disorders?

A

-anterograde (cant form new memories)

-retrograde amnesia (cant remember things before amnesia inducing event)
ex. car accident, tbi, stroke –> can prevent memories that occurred before the event

54
Q

dementia?

A

severe memory problems combined w/ losses in at least one other cog function: abstract thinking or lang

55
Q

alzhiemers?

A

-most common form of dementia, affects memory and cognitive function
-most common features are plaques (disrupts cell communication and causes inflammation) and tangles (leads to structural collapse and cell death)

psyc 100 exam 2 (3 decks)

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