chap 7 Flashcards
what is learning?
lasting change caused by exp –> inferred from behav and cannot be directly observed
what is associative learning?
a change as a result of exp where 2 or more stimuli become linked
what is non-associative learning?
learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; learning occurs following repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event
types of non associative learning?
habituation, dishabituation, sensitization
what is habituation?
weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation
-e.g. noticing the sound of a train near your house but over time, you tune out the sound of the train and no longer notice it as well as the first time
what is dishabituation?
recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation
-e.g. going on a 2 week vacation to a quiet area and coming back to notice the train again
what is sensitization?
a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli
-e.g. a kid poking you with a stick, aggravating you more and more each time
what is 2 types of associative learning
classical conditioning + operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
form of associative learning between 2 prev unrelated stimuli resulting in a learned response
-discovered by ivan pavlov
what is conditioning?
association of events in the environment
pavlov’s dogs? purpose?
measuring conditioned/unconditioned stimulus and pairing with a conditioned response (the salivation of a dog and ringing of a bell for food)
what is a conditioned stimulus?
neutral stimulus that eventually elicits same response as unconditioned with which it has been paired (e.g bell)
what is a conditioned response?
a physical response elicited by conditioned stimulus –> acquired through exp and usually the same as the unconditioned response (salivation)
list the ucs, ucr, cs, and cr in this scenario:
Jonathan loves spicy food! Last week, he ate at Tia
Mexicana three times and literally perspired from the
hot spices. Yesterday, as he drove past the restaurant,
Jonathan began to perspire profusely.
ucs: spicy food
ucr: perspiration from hot spices
cs: sight of tia mexicana
cr: perspiring profusely at the sight of tia mexicana
what is acquisition?
-initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship
-more pairings w/ cs and ucs –> more likely association will be learned
-the most rapid acquisition followed by the strongest response is a half minute delay between cs and ucs
what is extinction?
reduction of cr after repeated presentation of cs
what is spontaneous recovery?
re-emergence of cr some time after extinction has occurred
what is stimulus generalization?
when stimuli similar to orig cs trigger same cr
examples of stimulus generalization?
ex. getting bitten by a dog and having a fear of all dogs, having food poisoning to bananas and avoiding all fruit bc feeling of nausousness, having anxiety after taking a test, feeling excited when hearing familiar tune of a song (ice cream truck)..etc
example of spontaneous recovery and extinction
e.x. dog getting excited by the sound of a leash bc it means going out for a walk and eventually owner lets dog out the backyard so less leash walks and excitement for sound of leash fades..after some time the leash is picked up again and the dog gets excited after not walking on a leash in awhile
what is stimulus discrimination?
what occurs when an organism learns to emit a SPECIFIC behav in the presence of a cs but not in stimuli similar to cs
-ex. a dog only responding to owner’s voice, fear of only large dogs, preferring a specific brand..etc
what is higher order conditioning?
when a prev cs functions as if it were an ucs for further conditioning
-ex. pavlov pairing music w/ bell and music leads to salivation
how are classical conditioning and drug dependency related?
learned response (environmental cues) –> drug tolerance and may be involved in some drug overdoses
classical conditioning and fear
little albert experiment: pairing loud noise w/ emotional responses –> using animals (neutral) as association w/ loud noise
-fear conditioning
what is a phobia
irrational, obsessive fear of a specific obj or situation as a result of fear conditioning
what is systematic desensitization?
-exposure therapy (gradual exposure to feared obj or situation to condition its extinction)
conditioned taste aversion?
whena prev neutral stimulus elicits an aversive rxn when paired w/illness
-ex. alcohol
what is operant conditioning?
form of associative learning where behav is modified depending on consequences –>instrumental conditioning
what is the law of effect?
behav leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behav producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again
behaviourism?
study of manipulation of observable behav
-bf skinner: organisms exert influence on environment rather than just response
-behavs followed by favourable conseq will likely be repeated
reinforcer?
exp that produces an increase in a certain behav
pos reinforcement
pleasant consequence following behav to increase prob that behav will occur
neg reinforcement
removal of unpleasant stimulus to increase prob of behav reoccurring
pos punishment?
adding unpleasant punishment to decrease prob of behav reoccurring
-ex. scolding, extra chores, detention, ticket for speeding (fines)
neg punishment?
removal of pleasant stimulus as a consequence of behav to decrease prob of bad behav reoccurring
(silent treatment, timeout, phone/car taken away, no allowance)
primary reinforcers?
survival value of reinforcer –> biologically rewarding
-food, water, less pain, warmth, relief, happiness
secondary reinforcers?
neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated w/ primary reinforcer ; learned
-ex. money, grades, approval, praise
primary punisher?
stimulus that is naturally unpleasant to an organism
-slapping, loud sounds, extreme temp
secondary punisher?
learned to be unpleasant when associated w/ primary punisher
-disapproval, criticism, bad grades
continuous reinforcement?
behav is reinforced every time it occurs –> learning happens more quickly
-dog getting a treat every time it sits
intermittent reinforcement?
behav followed by reinforcement some of the time
-acquired more slowly but behav lasts longer
ratio sched? (when reinforcement occurs)
fixed–> reinforcement occurs after a certain # of responses (stamp card at maiko) , variable –> reinforcement occurs after unpredictable # of responses (gambling) high rate: w/ pauses after reinforcement
-HIGH, reg rate of response
interval sched? (time)
fixed –> reinforcement given after a fixed time (paycheck)
variable–> reinforcement given after varying lengths of time –> checking notifications
-LOW rate of response because tied to time (time for reinforcement approaches )
what is shaping?
introducing new behav by reinforcing successive approx of desired behav until behav sequence emerges –> ex. steps in teaching a dog to sit w/ reinforcements
what is behav modification?
a systematic appr to change behav using principles of operant conditioning teaching new skills or modifying undesirabl;e behavs
what is learned helplessness?
repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts
-intimate partner violence, abusive relationships
what is observational learning?
occurs w/o training bc solely in response to watching behav of others (models)
modelling?
when an observer learns from the behav of another
what is vicarious learning?
when an individ observes the conseq of smo’s actions and then chooses to duplicate the behav or refrain from doing so
mirror neurons?
neurons fired when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action
bobo doll experiment
albert bandura: aggressive modelling –> children learned to abuse a doll when watching adult models hit the doll
what is implicit learning?
learning subconsciously without awareness (learning to eat, talk, walk..etc)
spatial navigation learning?
navigating in space/environment in familiar/unfamiliar spaces (gps, hiking,learning to recognize certain things/areas in environment
latent learning
learning not expressed until there is reward or incentive (watching parents cook but not actively participating and then replicating steps after when told)
insight learning?
sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts
what are factors that facilitate learning?
timing, context, awareness , attention, sleep
what is the stroop effect?
if info is contradictory, delay in reaction when processing 2 pieces of info at once
prenatal learning? (associative/nonassociative?)
non-associative: exp habituation and sensitization to sensory stimuli
associative: can be classically conditioned
post natal learning?
newborns can imitate facial expressions
specific learning disorders?
dyslexia–> reading disorder
dyscalculia –> mathematics disorder
dysgraphia –> disorder of written expression
