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Patient A&P > Chap 7: Lab Testing Handout > Flashcards

Chap 7: Lab Testing Handout Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal red blood count (RBC) value?

A

4-6 mill/mm^3

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2
Q

What is normal hemacrotic value?

A

40-50%

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3
Q

What is the normal white blood count (wbc) value?

A

5,000-10,000 per mm^3

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4
Q

What is normal values of hemoglobin?

A

12-16/100ml blood (g/dL)

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5
Q

What is the normal potassium range?

A

3.5-4.5 mEq/L

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6
Q

What is the normal sodium range?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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7
Q

What is the normal CI- range?

A

90-100 mEq/L

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8
Q

What is the normal HCO3 range?

A

22-26 mEq/L

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9
Q

What is normal creatine value?

A

0.7-1.3 mg/dL

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10
Q

What is normal BUN value?

A

8-25 mg/dL

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11
Q

What is normal platelet count?

A

150,000-400,000/mm3

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12
Q

Normal APTT value?

A

24-32 secs

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13
Q

Normal PT value?

A

12-15 secs

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14
Q

Normal value BNP (brain natriuretic peptide)

A

<100 pg/mL

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15
Q

What is anemia?

A

-low rbc’s which reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

-blood loss, hemorrhage

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16
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

-high rbc’s
-occurs with COPD

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17
Q

Carrying capacity of hemoglobin?

A

1.34 mL of O2 per gram Hb

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18
Q

What is low Hb referred to as?

A

anemia

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19
Q

What is high Hb referred to as?

A

Polycythemia

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20
Q

What spins the whole blood and measure the percent of rbc’s in the original blood volume?

A

hematocrit (Hct)

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21
Q

What type of blood cell count changes in response to infections?

A

White blood cells (wbc’s)

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22
Q

What does leukocytosis indicate?

A

bacterial infection

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23
Q

What is decreased wbc’s called?

A

leukopnia

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24
Q

What does leukopnia indicate?

A

Viral infection

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25
Q

What should you recommend for a bacterial infection?

A

Antibiotics

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26
Q

What should you recommend for viral infection?

A

Antiviral agents

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27
Q

What is the major type of wbc?

A

Neutrophils

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28
Q

What are immature cells of neutrophils ?
Makes up what percent of WBC?

A

Blasts
4%
(increased with bacterial infections)

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29
Q

Mature cells of neutrophils called?
What percent of WBC?

A

Segmented
60%
(decrease with bacterial infections)

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30
Q

What part of WBC is associated with asthma?
Makes up what percentage?

A

Eosinophils
2%

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31
Q

What part of WBC is associated with tuberculosis?
Makes up what percentage?

A

Monocytes
3%

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32
Q

Which type of wbc is 30% of WBC count?

A

lymphocytes

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33
Q

Which type of wbc is 1% of WBC count?

A

basophils

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34
Q

What are the five electrolytes?

A

K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, CO2 content

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35
Q

What elements are required by the body for a normal metabolism?

A

electrolytes

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36
Q

What do abnormal electrolyte levels indicate?

A

Abnormal body function

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37
Q

What is closely associated with fluid levels, muscle function (cardiac) and kidney function?

A

Electrolytes

38
Q

What are some clinical applications of electrolyte imbalance?

A

muscle weakness
nauseua
mental changes (lethargy, dizziness, drowsiness)

39
Q

What’s the major intracellular cation?

A

Potassium

40
Q

What is important for acid-base balance and muscle function, including cardiac muscle?

A

Potassium

41
Q

What is high potassium?

A

Hyperkalemia

42
Q

When does hyperkalemia occur?

A

kidney failure, spiked T wave (metabolic acidosis)

43
Q

What’s the major extracellular cation controlled by kidneys?

A

Sodium

44
Q

Low sodium is called?

A

Hyponatremia

45
Q

High sodium is called?

A

Hypernatremia

46
Q

Hypernatremia leads to what?

A

Dehydration
Fluid loss
IV therapy

47
Q

What is retained in exchange for Potassium (K+)

A

Sodium

48
Q

What’s the major extracellular anion?

A

Chloride (Cl-)

49
Q

What levels are closely related to Na+?

A

Cl-

50
Q

what is low chloride called?

A

hypochloremia

51
Q

what is high chloride called?

A

hyperchloremia

52
Q

Hypercholoremia is associated with what?

A

Metabolic acidosis

53
Q

hypocholoremia is associated with what?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

54
Q

Most CO2 in blood is carried as what?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

55
Q

Creatinine is excreted by what?

A

Kidneys

56
Q

What is BUN?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen
-measurement of kidney function

57
Q

Increased BUN indicates what?

A

Kidney failure

58
Q

What does a sputum analysis consist of?

A

-amount
-consistency
-color
-sputum culture
-sensitivity
-gram stain
-acid fast stain

59
Q

Clear sputum indicate?

A

Normal

60
Q

What does mucoid sputum look like?
what does it indicate?

A

-translucent, white or gray
-chronic bronchitis

61
Q

what does yellow sputum indicate?

A

-presence of wbc
-bacterial infection

62
Q

what does green sputum indicate?

A

-stagnant
-gram negative bacteria (bronchiectasis, pseudomonas)

63
Q

what does brown sputum indicate?

A

-old blood
(anaerobic lung infection

64
Q

what does bright red sputum indicate?

A

-hemoptysis
(bleeding tumor, TB)

65
Q

What does pink frothy sputum indicate?

A

-pulmonary edema

66
Q

What identifies the bacteria present & usually takes 48-72 hours?

A

sputum culture

67
Q

What identifies what antibiotics will kill the bacteria, takes 48-72 hours?

A

sensitivity

68
Q

What identifies mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

acid fast stain

69
Q

sputum culture, sensitivity, and grain stains can also be found in what samples?

A

blood
urine
pleural fluid

70
Q

Series of tests that evaluate the clotting mechanisms of the body?

A

coagulation studies

71
Q

what are some indications for coagulation studies?

A

-evaluation of preoperative patients for bleeding risk

-evaluate bleeding signs/symptoms

-diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation

-monitor anticoagulant therapy

72
Q

how do you determine clotting time?
what is the normal clotting time?

A

-puncture the skin and measure how long it takes for skin to bleed

-6 minutes

73
Q

what is a low platelet count associated with?

A

decreased bone marrow function and sepsis

74
Q

what is APTT?

A

-activated partial thromboplastin time

-measures the length of time required for plasma to form a fibrin clot

75
Q

What is APTT used for?

A

To monitor heparin and how fast it takes for a clot to form

76
Q

What is used for monitoring warfarin (Coumadin) therapy?

A

prothrombin time (PT)

77
Q

What does a urinalysis do?

A

-reflects metabolic status of patient and is a screening test for kidney disease
-can indicate UTI before blood results
-also measures appearance, pH, specific gravity, ketones, glucose, blood bilirubin, and sedimentation

78
Q

what is hematuria? what is it associated with?

A

-blood in the urine
-kidney trauma

79
Q

Protein found in myocardial cells?

A

troponin

80
Q

specific indicator of damage to heart muscle?

A

troponin

81
Q

Patients who have suffered from a myocardial infraction would have what?

A

elevated troponin levels

82
Q

What should you recommend for high troponin levels?

A

Oxygen, morphine, aspirin, nitroglycerin

83
Q

What is secreted by the cardiac muscle when heart failure develops or worsens?

A

brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

84
Q

What does elevated BNP indicate?

A

Congestive Heart Failure

85
Q

BNP LEVEL >300 pg/ml indicate what?

A

mild heart failure

86
Q

BNP level >600pg/mL indicate what?

A

moderate heart failure

87
Q

BNP LEVEL >900 pg/ml indicate what?

A

severe heart failure

88
Q

What should you recommend for elevated BNP?

A

Diuretics, positive inotropic agents

89
Q

What consists of intradermal injection of a purified protein derivative (PPD) of mycobacterium TB?

A

TB skin test

90
Q

What should you recommend for a positive TB test?

A

isolation and anti tubercular agents

Patient A&P (3 decks)

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