Chap 7: Hormone Regulations in the Human Body Flashcards
the process of releasing synthesized matters by the cells
secretion
the tissues or organs that are made of secreting cells
glands
glands that release secretions through ducts (tubes)
exocrine glands: salivary, gastric, intestinal
glands that release secretions into the capillaries and carried by blood
endocrine glands: testes and ovaries
different endocrine glands forms?
endocrine system
Pituitary gland
- secretes growth hormones
- size of a pea
- controls human growth and development
- regulates the activities of the other endocrine glands
Gigantism
- over production (hypersecretion) of growth hormone in early childhood
- e.g: above average height (>260cm)
Pituitary dwarfism
- insufficient of growth hormone in childhood
- e.g: below average height (<100cm)
Acromegaly
- over production (hypersecretion) of growth hormone in adulthood
- extremities such as fingers, toes, nose, neck, and internal organs
Thyroid gland
- secretes thyroxine
- largest endocrine gland
- regulate growth and development
- promotes metabolism
- speed up oxidative decomposition of body substances
- increase sensitivity of the nervous system
Cretinism
- deficiency of thyroxine in early childhood
- retarded mental, physical (dwarfism) and sexual development
Deficiency of thyroxine in adulthood causes
- slow metabolism
- low body temperature
- bloated body
- lifeless facial expression
- low heartbeat and breathing rate
- decreased mental ability
Excessive thyroxine
- hyperthyroidism
- fast metabolism
- excessive oxidative decomposition of body substances
- mass loss despite increased appetite
- highly sensitive nervous system
- emotional
- insomnia
- forgetfulness
- highheartbeat and breathing rate
Thyroxine requires?
- Iodine
- regional shortage of iodine causes the thyroid gland to swell, hence endemis goitre occurs
- have swollen necks, difficulty in breathing, rapid heartbeat and shortage of breath after physical activities
- ways to cure: adding iodine by eating marine plants that are rich with iodine
Adrenal gland
- secretes adrenaline
- increases the rhythm of heartbeat
- dilates (expands) blood vessels leading to the muscles
Pancreas
- secretes insulin
- promotes the storage of absorbed glucose in the liver and muscles
- controls the concentrations of blood sugar
- pancreas can be divided into endocrine and exocrine
Glucose
- the main source of energy
- in the human body called blood sugar
- digestion of starch produces glucose, which becomes blood sugar once it enters the blood
- glucagon:
- insulin:
- glucagon: increases blood sugar
- insulin: decreases blood sugar
- When blood sugar (glucose) rises, the secretion of insulin increases so that the blood sugar would drop
- When blood sugar drops, the secretion of insulin decreases so that the blood sugar can be maintained.
What is the endocrine part called for pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
Functions of insulin
- spped up the decomposition of blood sugar
- promote the conversion of glucose to glycogen to be stored in the liver and muscles
- provides energy to various tissues and organs
Insufficient insulin secretion causes
- Diabetes mellitus
- the concentration of blood sugar will increase conspicuously
- blood sugar will be excreted with the urine
what is the normal blood sugar level?
90-100mg/100ml
(diabetes: >126mg/100ml)
Testes and Ovaries
- secretes sex hormones
- promote the growth and development of reproductive cells
- maintain human secondary sexual characteristics
