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J2 Science > Chap 6: Life of a Plant > Flashcards

Chap 6: Life of a Plant Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

two seed leaves

A
  • dicotyledons
  • two seed leaves
  • frence bean, cotton, cucumber, peanut, tangerine
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2
Q

one seed leaf

A
  • monocotyledons
  • one seed leaf
  • maize (corn), wheat, rice, sorghum, sugarcane
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3
Q

dicotyledon

french bean

A
  • testa
  • micropyle
  • embryo: two cotyledon, plumule, hypocotyl, radicle
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4
Q

monocotyledon

maize grain

A
  • pericarp & testa
  • embryo: one cotyledon, plumule, hypocotyl, radicle
  • endosperm
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5
Q

seed scar

A

hilum

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6
Q

testa

A
  • tough, protects seed’s internal strusture
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7
Q

micropyle (only for dicotyledon)

A
  • absorb water for germination
  • only for dicotyledon

germination: beginning of growth

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8
Q

cotyledon from dicotyledon

A
  • two, thick & fleshy
  • seed leaf
  • stores nutritious matter
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9
Q

cotyledon fron monocotyledon

A
  • one, not thick and fleshy
  • seed leaf
  • absorbs nutrients fron endosperm
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10
Q

plumule

A
  • young leaves are grown
  • develops into the stem and leaves
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11
Q

hypocotyl

A
  • connects plumule to radicle
  • develops into part that connects the root and stem
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12
Q

radicle

A
  • slender
  • develop into the root
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13
Q

endosperm (only for monocotyledon)

A
  • outside embryo
  • stores nutrients (starch)

the cotyledon in the monocotyledon may not be enough, therefore endosperm is there

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14
Q

seed contain more starch

A

monocotyledon

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15
Q

seeds rich in proteins

A

french bean, soybean, green pea

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16
Q

seeds contain fats

A

pine nut, walnut

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17
Q

the fuller the seed

A
  • more nutrients
  • the stronger the young shoot grows from it
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18
Q

factors affecting the germination

A
  • water
  • air
  • temperature
  • light or darkness
  • types of soil
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19
Q

before germination

A
  1. absorb water: testa can be softened or burst
  2. stored nutrients: dissolved in the water and transported to the radicle, hypocotyl and plumule
  3. germinate (start to grow)
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20
Q

during germination

A
  1. **radicle **elongates and burst out of the testa
  2. hypocotyl elongates so that plumule can come out of the ground
  3. plumule develop into stem and leaves grow out of it
  4. photosynthesis

elongates: grow

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21
Q

hypogeal germination

A
  • cotyledon stay in the soil
  • hypocotyl do no elongate
  • wheat, pea and broad bean
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22
Q

epigeal germination

A
  • cotyleden above soil
  • hypocotyl elongates
  • punpkin, soybean and cotton
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23
Q

delayed germination

A
  • seed dormancy
  • autumn, dormancy causes the seed not the germinate; will only germinate when spring
  • avoids unfavourable factors like dryness and cold
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24
Q

don’t have dormancy or short periods of dormancy

A
  • rice and wheat
  • if weather is wet and warm for some time, buds will grow
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25
Q

fixed life spans

A
  • can be extended under low temperature and dry condition
  • shortened under high temperature and wet condition
  • 2-3years: wheat, rice and maize
  • 4-6years: cabbage, broad bean and pumpkin
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26
Q

the part of the root from the tip to the root hairs

A

root-tip, includes
* root cap
* division zone
* elongation zone
* differentiation zone

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27
Q

root cap

A

protects root tip

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28
Q

division zone

A
  • meristematic region
  • actively dividing, constant generation of new cells
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29
Q

elongation zone

A

lengthening the root

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30
Q

differentiation zone

A
  • maturation
  • form of root hairs
  • increase ability to absorb water and nutrients
31
Q

a conspicuous main root and many lateral roots

A
  • taproot system
  • balsam plant, soybean, rambutan and durian
  • deep under the ground
32
Q

main root will stop growing and many adventitious roots will grow

A
  • fibrous root system (adventitious)
  • wheat, onion, maize and garlic
  • distributed in shallower soils
33
Q

the distribution of roots system affected by

A

water & fertilizers

34
Q

main stalk (stem) + lateral branches

A

shoot developed from a bud

35
Q

grows at the end of main shoot

A
  • terminal (apical) bud
  • elongates the stem
36
Q

grows at the side of a stalk

A
  • lateral (axillary) bud
  • forms a lateral branch
37
Q

branch buds

A

branch and leaves

38
Q

flower buds

A

flowers

39
Q

mixed buds

A

braches, leaves and flowers

40
Q

flower buds and mixed buds are ___________

A

thicker, easily differentiated

41
Q

branch buds are formed by

A
  • young leaves
  • bud shaft
  • bud primordia
42
Q

the terminal bud grows first while lateral bud is restricted

restricted: limited

A
  • apical dominance
  • willow, cedar and sunflower
43
Q

plants harvested within a year

A
  • annual plants
  • rice, maize, tomato
44
Q

plants harvested 2nd year

A
  • biennial plants
  • rapeseed, carrot
45
Q

plants live more than 2 years

A
  • perennial plants
  • peach, tangerine
46
Q

growth cycle of a plant

A

seed germination → growth and development of seeding → mature plant → flowering and fruiting

47
Q

flower is the ___________ organ of the angiosperm

A
  • reproductive
  • from a flower bud
  • produces fruits and seeds
48
Q

male reproductive organ of a flower

A
  • stamen: filament and anther
49
Q

filament

A

support the anther

50
Q

anther

A

produces pollen grains

51
Q

female reproductive organ of a flower

A
  • pistil: stigma, style, ovary, ovule
52
Q

stigma

A

receives pollen grains

53
Q

style

A

support the stigma

54
Q

ovary

A

can be fertilized and develop into fruits

55
Q

ovule

A

develop into seeds

56
Q

sepals (leaves)

A

protects the bud

57
Q

petals

A
  • protect internal structure of the flower
  • attract insects
58
Q

transferring the released mature grains from the anther to the stigma of a pistil

A

pollination

59
Q

scattering mature pollen grains onto the stigma of the same flower

A
  • self-pollination
  • pea, sesame and tomato
60
Q

one flower depositing its pollen grain onto the stigma of another flower

A
  • cross-pollination
  • possess stronger living ability and adaptability
  • maize, rapeseed, sunflower, poplar and apple
61
Q

pollination → ____________ → _____________

A

pollination → fertilization → fruits and seeds

62
Q

media of pollination

A
  • entomophilous flower (insect-pollinated)
  • anemophilous flower (wind-pollinated)
  • hydrophilous flower (water-pollinated)
  • explosive mechanism
  • animals and human
63
Q

entomophilous flower (insect-pollinated)

A
  • big and colourful petals
  • sweet and nice smelling
  • pollen grains big and sticky
  • peach, Chinese rose, tangerine rapeseed, mango, papaya and balsam plant
64
Q

anemophilous flower (wind-pollinated)

A
  • pollen grains abundant and light
  • secrete sticky liquid, extended out of the petals
  • maize, paddy, poplar, elm, dandelion, indian trumpet and dipterocarp
65
Q

hydrophilous flower (water-pollinated)

A
  • eel grass, hornwort (snapdragon), coconut, lotus
66
Q

explosive mechanism

A
  • fruits from rubber tree: burst open
  • balsam and green pea: curl up and explode
67
Q

pollination can be affected if

A
  • wind too strong
  • rain too frequent
  • temperature too low
68
Q

artificial pollination involves

A
  • collecting pollen grains
  • smearing onto stigmas of plants
69
Q

process of fertilization

A
  • pollen grain drop onto the stigma, held by sticky excretion of stigma
  • develops a pollen tube
  • pollen tube penetrates stigma and grows down through the style into the ovule of the ovary
  • pollen tube reaches inner portion of ovule,** male gamete/ sperm cell** is released to combine with the egg cell of ovule
70
Q

fertilization egg →

A

embryo

71
Q

plants that keep their endosperm when they are mature

A

maize, wheat, castor bean, persimmon

72
Q

plants with nutrients in the endosperm that are absorbed and stored in the cotyledon, once matured, the endosperm won’t exist

A

kidney bean, cotton, cucumber and orange

73
Q

if there is one ovule →
if there is many ovules →

A

→ one seed
→ many seeds

74
Q

plants need to disperse their seed to prevent

A

overcrowding

J2 Science (7 decks)

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