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Chap 7 Flashcards

1
Q

rights inherit to all human beings regardless of their race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any status.

A

Human rights according to UN

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2
Q

When was human rights adopted and proclaimed by the UN Gen Assembly?

A

Dec 10, 1948 in paris

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3
Q

Human Rights is motivated by events during

A

Ww2

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4
Q

Universal Declaration contains?

A

Preamble and 30 articles

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5
Q

Human rights are?

A

Inalienable
- should not be taken away excepts in some situations with due process

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6
Q

Article 1

A

Article 1 – Right to equality

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7
Q

Article 2

A

Article 2 – Freedom from discrimination

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8
Q

Article 3

A

Article 3 – Right to life, liberty, and personal security

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9
Q

Article 4

A

Article 4 – Freedom from slavery or servitude

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10
Q

Article 5

A

Article 5 – Freedom from torture and degrading treatment

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11
Q

“everyonehastheright to participate in the cultural life of the community and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.”

A

Article 27

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12
Q

The right to science and culture

A

Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Covenant

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13
Q

Article 15 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Covenant was adopted by UN Gen Assembly on?

A

Dec 16 1966

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14
Q

Nuremberg trial

A

Trial that prosecuted physicians involved in unethical human experimentations in 1945.

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15
Q

political party of the mass movement known as the national socialism under the leadership of Adolf Hitler.
1933 in Germany govern by totalitarian method until 1945.

A

Nazi party

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16
Q

states that no human subject should be forced to participate in experiments that will yield harm or
injury.

A

Nuremberg Code

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17
Q

________ is not accepted as a part of ethics but
became a landmark document in clinical research ethics.

A

Nuremberg Code

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18
Q

Dropped ethics is?

A

Declaration of Helsinki

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19
Q

When was Declaration of Helsinki was first publish by World medical association?

A

1975

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20
Q

Give one application of applied ethis

A

Clinical research ethics

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21
Q

Examines specific issues such as abortions, animal rights, and environmental concerns

A

Applied ethics

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22
Q

Provide moral point of view

A

Ethics

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23
Q

In order to make ethical decisions, scientist follows what?

A

Framework

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24
Q

Give 4 Essential elements in making decisions

A
  • Identifying stakeholders
  • Review arguments for each option
  • Making a rational choice from the available options, backed with the strongest set of moral reasons or principles.
  • Identifying possible options or course of action
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25
group or organization who is impacted by the outcome of a project.
Stakeholder
26
Set of reasons that aims to persuade others that the action/ idea is right / wrong.
Review arguments for each option
27
So, every choice that is made is completed by first considering the costs, risks, and benefits of making that decision
Making a rational choice from the available options, backed with the strongest set of moral reasons or principles.
28
Someone's course of action is what that person is going to do.
Identifying possible options or course of action
29
Medical ethics 4 principle
Autonomy non maleficence beneficence justice
30
Autonomy
about a person's ability to act on his or her own values and interests
31
there is an obligation not to inflict harm on others.
non maleficence
32
defined as an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation.
beneficence
33
justice
moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity. It is also the act of being just and/or fair.
34
Other principles:
equality, duty, obligation, responsibility
35
Various kind of rights
Self-interest, efficiency, and economy.
36
Who developed Ethical matrix
Ben Mepham in 1990s
37
When was ethical matrix developed
1990s
38
Aimstoassistsnon-philosophersinappreciatingthevalueof ethical insights to arrive at ethical judgments.
Ethical matrix
39
3 principles in ethical matrix
- Well being - Autonomy - Fairness
40
Refers to freedom
Autonomy
41
Refers to maximization of good
well being
42
refers to justice and law
fairness
43
exist to guide scientist and engineers to perform their work in an ethical manner.
Code of ethics
44
Purpose of code of ethics
- Establish standards of conduct in cases not dictated by common sense - Formulate rules to govern a practice or discipline - Provide a framework for resolving conflicts - Manage the expectation of the public in a practice or discipline
45
Old code use by medical practitiones
Hippocratic oath
46
Who published the Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Filipino Scientist in 2009
National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
47
____ aims to guide filipino scientist to achieve high level of professional and ethical behavior
Nast ethical code
48
General principle of nast
1. . Ethical scientific practices 2. Ethical use of science in Philippine society 3. Conflict of interest 4. Intellectual honesty 5. Weighing the benefits 6. Commitment to professional development as scientists 7. Development of students and other stakeholders 8. Advocacy for scientific approaches
49
Another example of code of ethics by the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) of the United States of America.
NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers
50
stated that chemistry professionals have an obligation to the society (Professional Regulatory Board of Chemistry, 2016).
Code of Ethics for the Chemistry Practitioners
51
Being considered as object, knowledge, and activity.
Technology
52
Who offered new way of thinking about technology
Albert Borgmann
53
When did Albert Borgmann offered a new way of thinking about technology
1984
54
Give the 3 Essential types of approaches to technology
1. Substantive View 2. Instrumentalist view 3. Pluralist View
55
Considers technology as a force of its own, capable of shaping society without the intervention of other forces
Substantive view
56
Consider technology as mere instrument to achieve social values
Instrumentalist view
57
Consider the dynamic interactions between technologies and social values
Pluralist view
58
to “bring the forces of nature and culture under control, to liberate us from misery and toil, and to enrich our lives” (Borgmann, 1984).
The promise of technology
59
Device paradigm
Things are distinguished from devices
60
Technology is inseparable from its social context
Device paradigm
61
device is simply a tool used as a means to an end.
Device paradigm
62
According to ______, devices become readily available because they operate in an instantaneous, ubiquitous, safe, and way
Borgmann
63
______ also applies to modern technology
Device paradigm
64
technologies capable of driving the society to singularity - in what work states this
In Ray Kurzweil’s work The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Human Biology
65
3 such technologies
1. Genetics 2. Nanotechnology 3. Robotics or GNR
66
Branch of biology concerned with genes
Genetics
67
manipulation and manufacture of materials and devices on the scale of anatomic o small groups
Nanotech
68
Refers to use and development of robots
robotics
69
Field of study that seeks to develop intelligent computational systems
AI
70
Depicted the creation of machines that
Karel Capek's play Rossum's Universal Robots
71
Robota means
Forced labor
72
The International Federation of Robotics classifies robots as?
Service and industrial robots
73
Robots used in industrial settings
Industrial robot
74
Find domestic and field applications
Service robot
75
What is unimate?
First programmable robot
76
Who developed and what years unimate was developed?
Goerge Devol 1954
77
Who further developed unimate?
By unimation Inc in 1956 by Joseph Engelberger
78
Father of Robotics
Joseph emgerlberger
79
Who coined the term roboethics
Gianmarco Veruggio
80
Isaac Asimov
Science fiction writer 1940s
81
3 Laws of robotics
1. robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
82
Who add Zeroth Law of Robotic
Isaac Asimov
83
What Isaac Asimov added?
Zeroth Law of Robotic
84
a robot should not bring harm to humanity, through action or inaction
Zeroth Law pf robotics
85
Roboethics aims to?
develop scientific, cultural, and technical tools that will encourage the beneficial use of robotics for the society and prevent its misuse against humanity
86
Wherein the surgeon and the patient are separated by long distances
Telesurgery
87
assigns weights to the liabilities that are to be shouldered by the involved parties (such as the producer, programmer, and the owner). Since liability is shared, no single party is indicted, leading to fairer judgment of the case.
Robotic Liability matrix
88
robots capable of interacting with humans in a human-like fashion; parang tao na kumilos.
Social robots
89
Who created robots that capable of integrating to domestic environments such as in home and offices?
ASIMO by Honda
90
Who created ahuman-likerobotthat is being developed as an AI-equipped service and entertainment robot ?
Sophia by Hanson Robotics
91
What creation granted a saudi arabian citizenship?
Sophia

Sts (3 decks)

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