Chap 7 Flashcards
rights inherit to all human beings regardless of their race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any status.
Human rights according to UN
When was human rights adopted and proclaimed by the UN Gen Assembly?
Dec 10, 1948 in paris
Human Rights is motivated by events during
Ww2
Universal Declaration contains?
Preamble and 30 articles
Human rights are?
Inalienable
- should not be taken away excepts in some situations with due process
Article 1
Article 1 – Right to equality
Article 2
Article 2 – Freedom from discrimination
Article 3
Article 3 – Right to life, liberty, and personal security
Article 4
Article 4 – Freedom from slavery or servitude
Article 5
Article 5 – Freedom from torture and degrading treatment
“everyonehastheright to participate in the cultural life of the community and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.”
Article 27
The right to science and culture
Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Covenant
Article 15 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Covenant was adopted by UN Gen Assembly on?
Dec 16 1966
Nuremberg trial
Trial that prosecuted physicians involved in unethical human experimentations in 1945.
political party of the mass movement known as the national socialism under the leadership of Adolf Hitler.
1933 in Germany govern by totalitarian method until 1945.
Nazi party
states that no human subject should be forced to participate in experiments that will yield harm or
injury.
Nuremberg Code
________ is not accepted as a part of ethics but
became a landmark document in clinical research ethics.
Nuremberg Code
Dropped ethics is?
Declaration of Helsinki
When was Declaration of Helsinki was first publish by World medical association?
1975
Give one application of applied ethis
Clinical research ethics
Examines specific issues such as abortions, animal rights, and environmental concerns
Applied ethics
Provide moral point of view
Ethics
In order to make ethical decisions, scientist follows what?
Framework
Give 4 Essential elements in making decisions
- Identifying stakeholders
- Review arguments for each option
- Making a rational choice from the available options, backed with the strongest set of moral reasons or principles.
- Identifying possible options or course of action
group or organization who is impacted by the outcome of a project.
Stakeholder
Set of reasons that aims to persuade others that the action/ idea is right / wrong.
Review arguments for each option
So, every choice that is made is completed by first considering the costs, risks, and benefits of making that decision
Making a rational choice from the available options, backed with the strongest set of moral reasons or principles.
Someone’s course of action is what that person is going to do.
Identifying possible options or course of action
Medical ethics 4 principle
Autonomy
non maleficence
beneficence
justice
Autonomy
about a person’s ability to act on his or her own values and interests
there is an obligation not to inflict harm on others.
non maleficence
defined as an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation.
beneficence
justice
moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity. It is also the act of being just and/or fair.
Other principles:
equality, duty, obligation, responsibility
Various kind of rights
Self-interest, efficiency, and economy.
Who developed Ethical matrix
Ben Mepham in 1990s
When was ethical matrix developed
1990s
Aimstoassistsnon-philosophersinappreciatingthevalueof ethical insights to arrive at ethical judgments.
Ethical matrix
3 principles in ethical matrix
- Well being
- Autonomy
- Fairness
Refers to freedom
Autonomy
Refers to maximization of good
well being
refers to justice and law
fairness
exist to guide scientist and engineers to perform their work in an ethical manner.
Code of ethics
Purpose of code of ethics
- Establish standards of conduct in cases not dictated by common sense
- Formulate rules to govern a practice or discipline
- Provide a framework for resolving conflicts
- Manage the expectation of the public in a practice or discipline
Old code use by medical practitiones
Hippocratic oath
Who published the Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Filipino Scientist in 2009
National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
____ aims to guide filipino scientist to achieve high level of professional and ethical behavior
Nast ethical code
General principle of nast
- . Ethical scientific practices
- Ethical use of science in Philippine society
- Conflict of interest
- Intellectual honesty
- Weighing the benefits
- Commitment to professional development as scientists
- Development of students and other stakeholders
- Advocacy for scientific approaches
Another example of code of ethics by the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) of the United States of America.
NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers
stated that chemistry professionals have an obligation to the society (Professional Regulatory Board of Chemistry, 2016).
Code of Ethics for the Chemistry Practitioners
Being considered as object, knowledge, and activity.
Technology
Who offered new way of thinking about technology
Albert Borgmann
When did Albert Borgmann offered a new way of thinking about technology
1984
Give the 3 Essential types of approaches to technology
- Substantive View
- Instrumentalist view
- Pluralist View
Considers technology as a force of its own, capable of shaping society without the intervention of other forces
Substantive view
Consider technology as mere instrument to achieve social values
Instrumentalist view
Consider the dynamic interactions between technologies and social values
Pluralist view
to “bring the forces of nature and culture under control, to liberate us from misery and toil, and to enrich our lives” (Borgmann, 1984).
The promise of technology
Device paradigm
Things are distinguished from devices
Technology is inseparable from its social context
Device paradigm
device is simply a tool used as a means to an end.
Device paradigm
According to ______, devices become readily available because they operate in an instantaneous, ubiquitous, safe, and way
Borgmann
______ also applies to modern technology
Device paradigm
technologies capable of driving the society to singularity - in what work states this
In Ray Kurzweil’s work The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Human Biology
3 such technologies
- Genetics
- Nanotechnology
- Robotics or GNR
Branch of biology concerned with genes
Genetics
manipulation and manufacture of materials and devices on the scale of anatomic o small groups
Nanotech
Refers to use and development of robots
robotics
Field of study that seeks to develop intelligent computational systems
AI
Depicted the creation of machines that
Karel Capek’s play Rossum’s Universal Robots
Robota means
Forced labor
The International Federation of Robotics classifies robots as?
Service and industrial robots
Robots used in industrial settings
Industrial robot
Find domestic and field applications
Service robot
What is unimate?
First programmable robot
Who developed and what years unimate was developed?
Goerge Devol 1954
Who further developed unimate?
By unimation Inc in 1956 by Joseph Engelberger
Father of Robotics
Joseph emgerlberger
Who coined the term roboethics
Gianmarco Veruggio
Isaac Asimov
Science fiction writer 1940s
3 Laws of robotics
- robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
- robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
- robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
Who add Zeroth Law of Robotic
Isaac Asimov
What Isaac Asimov added?
Zeroth Law of Robotic
a robot should not bring harm to humanity, through action or inaction
Zeroth Law pf robotics
Roboethics aims to?
develop scientific, cultural, and technical tools that will encourage the beneficial use of robotics for the society and prevent its misuse against humanity
Wherein the surgeon and the patient are separated by long distances
Telesurgery
assigns weights to the liabilities that are to be shouldered by the involved parties (such as the producer, programmer, and the owner). Since liability is shared, no single party is indicted, leading to fairer judgment of the case.
Robotic Liability matrix
robots capable of interacting with humans in a human-like fashion; parang tao na kumilos.
Social robots
Who created robots that capable of integrating to domestic environments such as in home and offices?
ASIMO by Honda
Who created ahuman-likerobotthat is being developed as an AI-equipped service and entertainment robot ?
Sophia by Hanson Robotics
What creation granted a saudi arabian citizenship?
Sophia
