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Sts > Chap 7 > Flashcards

Chap 7 Flashcards

1
Q

rights inherit to all human beings regardless of their race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any status.

A

Human rights according to UN

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2
Q

When was human rights adopted and proclaimed by the UN Gen Assembly?

A

Dec 10, 1948 in paris

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3
Q

Human Rights is motivated by events during

A

Ww2

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4
Q

Universal Declaration contains?

A

Preamble and 30 articles

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5
Q

Human rights are?

A

Inalienable
- should not be taken away excepts in some situations with due process

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6
Q

Article 1

A

Article 1 – Right to equality

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7
Q

Article 2

A

Article 2 – Freedom from discrimination

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8
Q

Article 3

A

Article 3 – Right to life, liberty, and personal security

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9
Q

Article 4

A

Article 4 – Freedom from slavery or servitude

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10
Q

Article 5

A

Article 5 – Freedom from torture and degrading treatment

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11
Q

“everyonehastheright to participate in the cultural life of the community and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.”

A

Article 27

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12
Q

The right to science and culture

A

Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Covenant

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13
Q

Article 15 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Covenant was adopted by UN Gen Assembly on?

A

Dec 16 1966

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14
Q

Nuremberg trial

A

Trial that prosecuted physicians involved in unethical human experimentations in 1945.

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15
Q

political party of the mass movement known as the national socialism under the leadership of Adolf Hitler.
1933 in Germany govern by totalitarian method until 1945.

A

Nazi party

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16
Q

states that no human subject should be forced to participate in experiments that will yield harm or
injury.

A

Nuremberg Code

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17
Q

________ is not accepted as a part of ethics but
became a landmark document in clinical research ethics.

A

Nuremberg Code

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18
Q

Dropped ethics is?

A

Declaration of Helsinki

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19
Q

When was Declaration of Helsinki was first publish by World medical association?

A

1975

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20
Q

Give one application of applied ethis

A

Clinical research ethics

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21
Q

Examines specific issues such as abortions, animal rights, and environmental concerns

A

Applied ethics

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22
Q

Provide moral point of view

A

Ethics

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23
Q

In order to make ethical decisions, scientist follows what?

A

Framework

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24
Q

Give 4 Essential elements in making decisions

A
  • Identifying stakeholders
  • Review arguments for each option
  • Making a rational choice from the available options, backed with the strongest set of moral reasons or principles.
  • Identifying possible options or course of action
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25
Q

group or organization who is impacted by the outcome of a project.

A

Stakeholder

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26
Q

Set of reasons that aims to persuade others that the action/ idea is right / wrong.

A

Review arguments for each option

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27
Q

So, every choice that is made is completed by first considering the costs, risks, and benefits of making that decision

A

Making a rational choice from the available options, backed with the strongest set of moral reasons or principles.

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28
Q

Someone’s course of action is what that person is going to do.

A

Identifying possible options or course of action

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29
Q

Medical ethics 4 principle

A

Autonomy
non maleficence
beneficence
justice

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30
Q

Autonomy

A

about a person’s ability to act on his or her own values and interests

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31
Q

there is an obligation not to inflict harm on others.

A

non maleficence

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32
Q

defined as an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation.

A

beneficence

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33
Q

justice

A

moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity. It is also the act of being just and/or fair.

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34
Q

Other principles:

A

equality, duty, obligation, responsibility

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35
Q

Various kind of rights

A

Self-interest, efficiency, and economy.

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36
Q

Who developed Ethical matrix

A

Ben Mepham in 1990s

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37
Q

When was ethical matrix developed

A

1990s

38
Q

Aimstoassistsnon-philosophersinappreciatingthevalueof ethical insights to arrive at ethical judgments.

A

Ethical matrix

39
Q

3 principles in ethical matrix

A
  • Well being
  • Autonomy
  • Fairness
40
Q

Refers to freedom

A

Autonomy

41
Q

Refers to maximization of good

A

well being

42
Q

refers to justice and law

A

fairness

43
Q

exist to guide scientist and engineers to perform their work in an ethical manner.

A

Code of ethics

44
Q

Purpose of code of ethics

A
  • Establish standards of conduct in cases not dictated by common sense
  • Formulate rules to govern a practice or discipline
  • Provide a framework for resolving conflicts
  • Manage the expectation of the public in a practice or discipline
45
Q

Old code use by medical practitiones

A

Hippocratic oath

46
Q

Who published the Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Filipino Scientist in 2009

A

National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)

47
Q

____ aims to guide filipino scientist to achieve high level of professional and ethical behavior

A

Nast ethical code

48
Q

General principle of nast

A
  1. . Ethical scientific practices
  2. Ethical use of science in Philippine society
  3. Conflict of interest
  4. Intellectual honesty
  5. Weighing the benefits
  6. Commitment to professional development as scientists
  7. Development of students and other stakeholders
  8. Advocacy for scientific approaches
49
Q

Another example of code of ethics by the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) of the United States of America.

A

NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers

50
Q

stated that chemistry professionals have an obligation to the society (Professional Regulatory Board of Chemistry, 2016).

A

Code of Ethics for the Chemistry Practitioners

51
Q

Being considered as object, knowledge, and activity.

A

Technology

52
Q

Who offered new way of thinking about technology

A

Albert Borgmann

53
Q

When did Albert Borgmann offered a new way of thinking about technology

A

1984

54
Q

Give the 3 Essential types of approaches to technology

A
  1. Substantive View
  2. Instrumentalist view
  3. Pluralist View
55
Q

Considers technology as a force of its own, capable of shaping society without the intervention of other forces

A

Substantive view

56
Q

Consider technology as mere instrument to achieve social values

A

Instrumentalist view

57
Q

Consider the dynamic interactions between technologies and social values

A

Pluralist view

58
Q

to “bring the forces of nature and culture under control, to liberate us from misery and toil, and to enrich our lives” (Borgmann, 1984).

A

The promise of technology

59
Q

Device paradigm

A

Things are distinguished from devices

60
Q

Technology is inseparable from its social context

A

Device paradigm

61
Q

device is simply a tool used as a means to an end.

A

Device paradigm

62
Q

According to ______, devices become readily available because they operate in an instantaneous, ubiquitous, safe, and way

A

Borgmann

63
Q

______ also applies to modern technology

A

Device paradigm

64
Q

technologies capable of driving the society to singularity - in what work states this

A

In Ray Kurzweil’s work The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Human Biology

65
Q

3 such technologies

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Nanotechnology
  3. Robotics or GNR
66
Q

Branch of biology concerned with genes

A

Genetics

67
Q

manipulation and manufacture of materials and devices on the scale of anatomic o small groups

A

Nanotech

68
Q

Refers to use and development of robots

A

robotics

69
Q

Field of study that seeks to develop intelligent computational systems

A

AI

70
Q

Depicted the creation of machines that

A

Karel Capek’s play Rossum’s Universal Robots

71
Q

Robota means

A

Forced labor

72
Q

The International Federation of Robotics classifies robots as?

A

Service and industrial robots

73
Q

Robots used in industrial settings

A

Industrial robot

74
Q

Find domestic and field applications

A

Service robot

75
Q

What is unimate?

A

First programmable robot

76
Q

Who developed and what years unimate was developed?

A

Goerge Devol 1954

77
Q

Who further developed unimate?

A

By unimation Inc in 1956 by Joseph Engelberger

78
Q

Father of Robotics

A

Joseph emgerlberger

79
Q

Who coined the term roboethics

A

Gianmarco Veruggio

80
Q

Isaac Asimov

A

Science fiction writer 1940s

81
Q

3 Laws of robotics

A
  1. robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
  2. robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
  3. robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
82
Q

Who add Zeroth Law of Robotic

A

Isaac Asimov

83
Q

What Isaac Asimov added?

A

Zeroth Law of Robotic

84
Q

a robot should not bring harm to humanity, through action or inaction

A

Zeroth Law pf robotics

85
Q

Roboethics aims to?

A

develop scientific, cultural, and technical tools that will encourage the beneficial use of robotics for the society and prevent its misuse against humanity

86
Q

Wherein the surgeon and the patient are separated by long distances

A

Telesurgery

87
Q

assigns weights to the liabilities that are to be shouldered by the involved parties (such as the producer, programmer, and the owner). Since liability is shared, no single party is indicted, leading to fairer judgment of the case.

A

Robotic Liability matrix

88
Q

robots capable of interacting with humans in a human-like fashion; parang tao na kumilos.

A

Social robots

89
Q

Who created robots that capable of integrating to domestic environments such as in home and offices?

A

ASIMO by Honda

90
Q

Who created ahuman-likerobotthat is being developed as an AI-equipped service and entertainment robot ?

A

Sophia by Hanson Robotics

91
Q

What creation granted a saudi arabian citizenship?

A

Sophia

Sts (3 decks)

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