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Human Geography > Chap 6 Culture > Flashcards

Chap 6 Culture Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the capital of Belgium

A

Brussels

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1
Q

What are the two languages spoken in Belgium?

A

Flemish (variation of Dutch) and French

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2
Q

Which language subfamily does Flemish come from

A

Germanic

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3
Q

Which language subfamily does French come from

A

Romance

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4
Q

Which region is Flemish spoken in

A

Northern region of Flanders

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5
Q

Which region is French spoken in

A

Southern region of wallonia

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6
Q

What is in between two areas with diff languages

A

Linguistic transition zone

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7
Q

What language(s) is official in Brussels

A

French and Flemish, bilingual

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8
Q

What differences seperated the French and the Flemish in Belgium

A

Economic differences

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9
Q

In 19th century Belgium where was industry located

A

South, wallonia, French

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10
Q

What happened after frenchification in Belgium

A

Majority of ppl in Brussels spoke French

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11
Q

What movement occurs after frenchification

A

The Flemish movement

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12
Q

What did the fixed partition scheme in Belgium do

A

Seperated country by language , except for capital

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13
Q

What happened after heavy industry went down in Belgium

A

Economy shifted to high tech, in Flanders, made the Flemish powerful

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14
Q

Do Flanders and and wallonia operate under the same centralized government

A

Yes,but they have individual governments

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15
Q

Which city is the principal capital of the UN

A

Brussels

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16
Q

What institution protects French

A

Academie francaise

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17
Q

What is a language

A

A set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication

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18
Q

Which language was forced upon a colonized people

A

Their colonizers language

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19
Q

Which governments had policies of assimilation in the twentieth century

A

Some include American, Canadian, Australia, Russian, New Zealand

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20
Q

Some African languages don’t have a term for….

A

God

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21
Q

Some Asian languages don’t have …

A

Tenses or a way for reporting chronological events

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22
Q

What is the second most spoken language in US

A

Spanish

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23
Q

What do spanish speakers in the US want

A

Use of spanish in public affairs

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24
Q

What are official English policies

A

Policies that promote the “officialization “ of English in the us and it’s states

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25
Q

How many US states have the official language of English

A

Around 30

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26
Q

Which US states are officially bilingual

A

Examples include Hawaii and New Mexico

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27
Q

What are the two official languages of Hawaii

A

Hawaiian and English

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28
Q

What’s are the two official languages of New Mexico

A

Spanish and English

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29
Q

Which country in North Americans bilingual

A

Canada

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30
Q

Canada was colonially divided by …

A

France and Great Britain

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31
Q

Which province in Canada has the most French speakers

A

Quebec

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32
Q

What have the québécois frequently called for

A

More independence

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33
Q

What language do new immigrant entering Quebec have to learn

A

French

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34
Q

What is often used to differentiate languages

A

Not having Mutual intelligibility

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35
Q

Mutual intelligibility…

A

When two people can understand what the other is saying

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36
Q

If two ways of speaking aren’t Mutual intelligible then they are …

A

Languages

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37
Q

If if two ways of speaking are Mutual intelligible then they are…

A

Dialects

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38
Q

Do linguist support the criterion ofMutual intelligibility…

A

No

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39
Q

Are mandarin and Cantonese both dialects of Chinese

A

Yes

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40
Q

Are mandarin and Cantonese Mutual intelligible

A

No

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41
Q

What unites mandarin and Cantonese

A

Standard written form, political/social institutions

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42
Q

Are Danish and Norwegian dialects of the same languages

A

No they are different languages

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43
Q

Are Danish and Norwegian Mutual intelligible

A

Yes

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44
Q

What are some examples of two diff languages that are mutually intelligible

A

Danish and Norwegian , Serbian and Croatian , Hindi and Urdu, Spanish and Portuguese, Navajo and Apache

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45
Q

About how many languages are there

A

5000- 7000

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46
Q

How many languages are in India

A

More than 600

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47
Q

How many languages are in Africa

A

Over 2000

48
Q

Technologically advanced societies are likely to have which type of language

A

A standard language

49
Q

What is a standard language

A

One that is published, widely distributed and purposefully taught

50
Q

What is a isogloss

A

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

51
Q

What is a language family

A

A group of related languages with a shared but distant origin

52
Q

What is a subfamily

A

Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and their origin is more recent

53
Q

Which family has the largest number of speakers and has the largest distribution

A

Indo-European Lang family

54
Q

How did indo European languages spread

A

Contagious diffusion-thru Eurasia

Relocation diffusion-thru. Colonialism in the Americas

55
Q

Most of the dialects in china are …

A

Mutually incomprehensible

56
Q

Which family do the languages of Madagascar belong to

A

Austronesian

57
Q

What is a sound shift

A

Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or a language family backwards toward origin

58
Q

What is the ancestral language of the indo European family

A

Proto-indo-European

59
Q

What is backward reconstruction

A

A technique where u track sound shifts and hardening of languages back to the original lang

60
Q

What is an extinct lang

A

A lang w/o any native speakers

61
Q

What is deep reconstruction

A

Recreating the lang that preceded a lang

62
Q

What is the ancestor of the Proto indo European lang

A

The nostratic lang

63
Q

What are some characteristics of nostratic speakers

A

Hunter-gatherers , domestication of wolves was occurring , in use before first agricultural revolutions

64
Q

What is language divergence

A

When spatial interaction amount speakers of a lang breaks down and the language separates into dialects which then evolve into seperated langs

65
Q

What is lang convergence

A

When people with different languages have consistent spatial interaction their language scan combine into one

66
Q

What are the two ways in which a lang can become extinct

A

When all descendants perish or when descendants choose another language

67
Q

What happens in btw lang extinction

A

Bilingualism

68
Q

What were the people who spoke Proto indo European like

A

People used horses,developed the wheel, and traded widely

69
Q

What was the conquest theory

A

Says that the early speakers of Proto indo European spread from east to west on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants

70
Q

What is the agricultural theory for protoindoeuropean

A

Diffused westward with agriculture

71
Q

What is the dispersal hypothesis

A

Hearth of Anatolia, diffused in arc to Europe

72
Q

What percentage of the world speak indoeuropean languages

A

About 50 percent

73
Q

Which empire and which language started the romance subfamily

A

Roman Empire, Latin

74
Q

The Germanic languages started in …

A

Northern Europe

75
Q

The Slavic langs dominate much of…

A

Eastern Europe

76
Q

What are some other language families in Europe

A

Uralic(Finnish!Hungarian )… Altaic(Turkish)

77
Q

Which language in Europe is related to no other language family

A

The euskera lang of the basque ppl

78
Q

What language family dominates sub-Saharan Africa

A

Niger-Congo family

79
Q

What language family in sub Saharan Africa is the oldest

A

Khoisan

80
Q

The langs in sub Saharan Africa are more similar so …

A

They have been around for a short time

81
Q

What happened when British colonists divided Africa

A

Countries with many ethno linguistic groups

82
Q

What caused languages to spread over wider areas

A

Rise of empires

83
Q

What happened when the Roman Empire disintegrated

A

Linguistic divergence because of lessened spatial interaction

84
Q

What did the Gutenberg printing press allow

A

Unprecedented production of texts in languages other than Latin, helped standardize languages, allowed large states to promote common culture and language

85
Q

What caused the establishment of lingua francas and pidgin langs

A

Trade and commerce

86
Q

What is a lingua Franca

A

A lang used among speakers of different Langs for the purpose of trade and commerce

87
Q

Pidgin language

A

Combine parts of their vocab into a simplified structure and vocab

88
Q

The first lingua Franca was a pidgin lang called

A

The Frankish lang

89
Q

Where was the Frankish lang used

A

Mediterranean

90
Q

What are some lingua Francas

A

Arabic, English, Swahili , bazaar Malay

91
Q

What is the most widely used African lang on the internet

A

Swahili

92
Q

creole lang

A

A pidgin lang that has developed a more complex structure and vocab and has become the native lang of a group of ppl

93
Q

What was THE creole lang

A

A pidgin lang from the Caribbean that combined English French Portuguese and the lang of African slaves, became the first lang of ppl in the region

94
Q

Monolingual states

A

Countries where almost everyone speaks the same language

95
Q

Some examples of monolingual states…

A

Japan, Uruguay, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Lesotho

96
Q

Multilingual states

A

Countries In which more than one languages are in use

97
Q

Countries with linguistic fragmentation often adopt a …

A

Official lang

98
Q

In former colonies the official lang is tht of their …

A

Colonizer, because the elite know that lang

99
Q

What three langs have many former African colonies adopted

A

English, French, portugese

100
Q

Which country has the largest number of official langs

A

22

101
Q

Which lang dominates international business and travel and pop culture and the telecommunications industry and science and education

A

English

102
Q

Population growth rates are generally ___ in non English speaking areas

A

Lower

103
Q

Each ____ has a unique location and constitutes a reflection of human activities ideas and creations

A

Place

104
Q

Toponyms

A

Place names

105
Q

The ten types of toponyms

A

Descriptive, associative, commemorative, commendatory, incidents,possession , folk, manufactured, mistakes, shift

106
Q

Most Brazilian toponyms are ….

A

Portugese

107
Q

When languages and people diffuse …

A

Toponyms do too

108
Q

Toponyms change when…

A

Colonies become independent, new country is born, after a revolution occurs, revolutions in thought

109
Q

Memorial toponyms …

A

Memorialize a person or place

110
Q

The practice of commodifying toponyms is increasing I areas within the fold of…

A

Pop culture

111
Q

Why do corps want to spread their names/logos around

A

To brand places

112
Q

What four processes shape langs

A

Divergence, convergence, extinction, and diffusion

113
Q

Which two langs are gaining speakers

A

English and Chinese

114
Q

What is an example of a standard language

A

BRP or British Received Pronunciation is standard for British English

115
Q

Thru ____officials entrench a lang in a place

A

Public school

116
Q

What are some differences btw dialects

A

Differences in vocab, syntax, pronunciation, cadence( rhythm ) , and pace of speech, colloquial phrases
Plus accent

118
Q

What are dialects

A

Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines

119
Q

What are dialect chains

A

The concept that the closer a dialect is geographically the more Mutual intelligible it is

Human Geography (5 decks)

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