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Comp sci > Chap 6 - automatic systems, robotics, ai > Flashcards

Chap 6 - automatic systems, robotics, ai Flashcards

1
Q

which industries are automated systems used in

A

-industrial uses
-transport systems
-agriculture
-weather forecasting
-gaming
-lighting systems
-science

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2
Q

define automated system

A

software & hardware designed & programmed to work automatically without needing human intervention

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3
Q

what do automated systems require

A

an ideal situation

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4
Q

what does automated systems contain & their functions

A

sensor- gets analogue data from environment
ADC - converts analogue data to digital data (interface)
microprocessor - processes digital data
DAC - converts digital data to analogue data (interface)
actuator - signal sent & does actions

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5
Q

automated system in Nuclear power station

A

-microprocessor is Distributed control system (DCS)
-_____sensors send data to DCS in digital format after ADC continuously
-DCS compare data with set value in database
-DCS sends signals to actuators if needed to operate pumps & valves
-supervisor can override the system and shut down if needed

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6
Q

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in nuclear power station (Same)

A

advantages:
-faster
-safer
-less expensive in the long run
disadvantages:
-expensive to set up initially
-need maintenance
-can get cyber attacked

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7
Q

automated system in manufacturing paracetamol

A

-process 1 makes paracetamol, process 2 makes solid tablets
-________sensors monitor processes & send data to Central Comp. System in digital format continuously
-Comp. system compares values with stored values in database
-Comp. system sends signals to actuators if needed to operate pumps & valves
-supervisor can override the system and shut down if needed

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8
Q

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in manufacturing paracetamol (Same)

A

advantages:
-faster
-safer
-less expensive in the long run
-(more consistent results)
disadvantages:
-expensive to set up initially
-need maintenance
-can get cyber attacked

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9
Q

automated system in self parking cars

A

-__________sensors & camera gauge size of parking spot
-comp. warms driver of a suitable spot
-automated system is on
-__________sensors on bumpers transmit & receive signal & convert to digital format continuously
-microprocessor to calculate distance of surrounding obj. constantly
-microprocessor compares data with stored data in database
-sends signals for actuators to operate steering rack, break & throttle

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10
Q

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in
self parking cars

A

advantages:
-safer - monitors surroundings
-car fits in smaller spaces
-more consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-risk of faulty sensors/ cameras
-over-reliance on system

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11
Q

automated system in Adaptive cruise control

A

-cruising speed is set
-lasers sent out and received by ultrasonic sensors on bumper constantly & converted to digital format
-microprocessor calculates distance by time taken for laser to reflect back
-distance is compared to set speed value in database
-if car too close, signal sent for actuators to reduce throttle
-if car distance big, microprocessor checks if current speed = cruising speed
-if not, signal sent to increase/ decrease throttle
-process is looped until distance is safe/ speed good

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12
Q

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in Adaptive cruise control

A

advantages:
-safer
-consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-maintenance

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13
Q

automated system in water irrigation systems

A

-controller gets data from auto. weather station
-water level sensor used to check amount of water in irrigation system constantly & convert to digital data
-wireless receiver get data through wireless transmitters & sends to Controller
-Controller compares data from sensor with set values in database & signals weather station to stop / start water pumps
-supervisor can override the system if needed & can see the process from a central point

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14
Q

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in water irrigation systems

A

advantages:
-faster
-safer for workers (high temps.)
-reduce labor
disadvantages:
-expensive to set up initially
-maintenance for system
-maintenance for water channels

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15
Q

automated system in weather stations

A

-data from ______sensors sent to microprocessor constantly in digital format
-microprocessor calculates values / compares values with set value in database & stores it in a central database
-actuator is sent signal to tip bucket rain gauge at a specific time to measure rainfall
-reports are sent out to airports every 5 mins

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16
Q

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in weather stations

A

advantages:
-accurate results
-consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-maintenance
-can get cyber attacked

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17
Q

automated system in lighting systems

A

-as dark, ________sensor detects change in light constantly & converts to digital format
-microprocessor compares data with set values in database & sends signal to actuator to control LED lights
-inferred sensor acts as security device

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18
Q

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in lighting systems

A

advantages:
-safer (wireless - no trailing wires)
-reduce energy consumption (light on only when needed)
-longer bulb life
disadvantages:
-expensive
-maintenance
-wireless less reliable than wired systems

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19
Q

automated system in chemical process in lab

A

-level sensor & colorimeter data sent to microprocessor constantly in digital format
-microprocessor compare readings with set values in database & sends signals to actuator to operate taps

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20
Q

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in chemical process in lab

A

advantages:
-faster results
-safer (harmful chemicals)
-more consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-less flexible than human techniques

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21
Q

components in nuclear power station

A

-sensor: temp., pressure, gas, flow level, radiation level
-microprocessor: Distributed Control System (DCS)
-actuator: pumps & valves
-supervisor

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22
Q

components in manufacturing paracetamol

A

-sensors: temp. pH etc.
-microprocessor: Central Comp. system
-actuator: pumps, valves etc
-database
-supervisor

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23
Q

components in self parking cars

A

-sensors: motion, infrared, proximity
-microprocessor
-actuator: steering rack, brake, throttle

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24
Q

components in adaptive cruise control

A

-sensors: ultrasonic
-microprocessor
-actuator: throttle

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25
Q

components in water irrigation systems

A

-sensors: water level, moisture
-wireless receiver
-microprocessor: Controller
-actuator: water pumps
-data from weather station
-supervisor

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26
Q

components in weather stations

A

-sensors: temp., humidity, wind speed, level, light, pressure
-microprocessor
-actuator: rain gauge
-central database
-battery

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27
Q

components in gaming

A

-sensors: accelerometers, proximity
-microprocessor
-actuator

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28
Q

components in lighting systems

A

-sensors: light, infrared, motion
-microprocessor
-actuator: lights

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29
Q

components in chemical process in lab

A

-sensors: level, colorimeter
-microprocessor
-actuator

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30
Q

types of sensors, function & application (change)

A

-temp. - temp. change; monitoring temp of paracetamol
-pressure - pressure applied; detect presence of car when pressure is applied
-gas - detect gas level present; monitor pollution, detect leaks in ac
-radiation level - radiation; in nuclear power plants
-humidity - water vapor in air; determine weather for weather stations
-level - ultrasonic to detect change in level of liquid(level of liquid); monitor levels in petrol tank of car
-light - light intensity; street light on & off
-accelerometers - acceleration; to apply airbags in car when rapid deceleration, switch phone btw portrait & landscape
-proximity - detect nearby obj. within distance; face is close to mobile screen
-infrared (passive) - heat radiation given by obj.; security alarm - detect body heat
-infrared (active) - when invisible radiation beam is broken, detect change in infrared radiation; security alarm- intruder breaks beam
-motion - motion; detect people entering for lighting systems
-colorimeter - colour; in chemical reactions
-pH - acidity; making paracetamol
-acoustic - convert detected sound into electrical signals; security alarm- pick up footsteps
-moisture - water levels in; water level in soil to operate pumps
-mag. field - mag. field changes; anti lock braking systems in car
-flow - flow rate of liquid/ gas (amount of liquid); flow of liquid in chemical reaction
-OCR - converts image text into digital data; camera

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31
Q

define sensor

A

input device that takes reading of the environment & sends data to processor

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32
Q

general advantage & disadvantage of automated systems

A

advantage:
-faster than human operator
-less expensive in long run
-keep humans away from dangerous places
disadvantage:
-expensive to set up initially
-cyber attacks
-maintenance

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33
Q

differences btw microprocessor & processor

A

processor - do many things, has more power
microprocessor - does 1 thing only, specialised

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34
Q

name of software used to convert data in pic

A

Optical Character Reader (OCR)

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35
Q

note: mention specific sensors in Q

A
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36
Q

note: automated systems allow processes to run at optimum conditions at all time

A
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37
Q

note: automated systems will react more quickly to unusual process conditions than manual systems

A
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38
Q

note: when ans questions on automated systems/ robotics
-name sensor
-continuously send data in digital format (ADC)
-microprocessor compares data with stored value from database
-the conditions if less, same or more
-whole process repeated continuously (unless if need)

A
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39
Q

define Optical Character Reader (OCR)

A

-converts image text into digital data

40
Q

define microprocessor

A

-processing unit that sends signal to actuator to perform an action based on data

41
Q

define actuator

A

device that performs actions based on microprocessor signals

42
Q

Robot plants seeds & stop when it reaches a fence, turns & continues.
Explain how robot uses sensors & microprocessor to know it has reached a fence

A

-uses proximity sensor
-sensor continuously sends digitalized data to microprocessor
-microprocessor compares data to stored value
-if value within range so the fence is far enough, robot continues
-if value outside range so the fence is close, microprocessor sends signals to actuator to turn
-process is repeated until it’s turned off

43
Q

note: automatic systems applications
https://docs.google.com/document/d/12qdyxn0ZHKsyLNhjot5thw2J1FbWc66hx6CqmCGpUv8/edit#heading=h.u9v2hp4pgfct

A
44
Q

define robotics

A

branch of comp sci that included design, construction & operation of robots

45
Q

3 laws of robotics

A

-robot should not hurt humans
-robot must obey order from humans unless it conflicts with law 1
-robot must protect itself unless it conflicts law 1

46
Q

3 uses for robots in:
-factories
-home
-drones

A

factories:
-welding parts tgt
-bottling & labelling plants
-fitted windscreens to cars
home:
-autonomous floor sweepers
-autonomous lawn mower
-ironing robots
drones:
-make parcel deliveries
-unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
-for aerial photos

47
Q

characteristics of robots

A

-ability to sense surroundings - through sensors
-ability to move - they’re mechanical structures made up of electrical components with end effectors which allows them to carry tasks
-programmable - contains controllers which control the robot & can be programmable

48
Q

note: there are physical & software robots, only physical robots are true robots

A
49
Q

difference btw robots & ai

A

-robots do repetitive tasks
-ai has adaptive human characterisitcs

50
Q

diff btw the types of robots & eg

A

independent:
-autonomous
-can replace human activity totally
eg. self driving cars
dependent:
-needs human interfacing directly
-supplements human activity
eg. robots in car factories

51
Q

robots in industry

A

-robot’s control is in microprocessor or comp. system
1) robot is programmed with instructions to carry out task
2.1) end effector is manually guided by workers & movements are stored as instructions
2.2) worker has sensors on him & info is sent to robot as instruction
-the instructions are done repetitive & automatic
-they have sensors to get info on surrounding

52
Q

advantages & disadvantages of robots in industry

A

advantages:
-24/7 work
-more consistent
-less expensive in long run
disadvantages:
-unemployment
-deskilling of workers
-expensive initially

53
Q

robots in transport (vehicles)

A

-radar & ultrasonic sensors, cameras sends conditions of the road constantly; 3D image of surrounding
-microprocessor sends signals to actuators

54
Q

advantages & disadvantages of robots in transport (vehicles)

A

advantages:
-increased lane capacity
-safer; less human error
-less traffic congestion
disadvantages:
-expensive initially
-cyber attacks
-maintenance

55
Q

robots in transport (trains)

A

-uses Light Detection & Ranging (LiDaR) - uses lasers for 3D image of surroundings, proximity sensors & camera
-use Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) for speed & direction in control system
-actuators; speed, braking, doors

56
Q

advantages & disadvantages of robots in transport (trains)

A

advantages:
-safer; less human error
-more punctual trains
-less energy consumption
disadvantages:
-expensive initially
-not good with busy services
-cyber attacks

57
Q

robots in transport (planes)

A

-sensors detect turbulence & depressurisation
-use GPS for navigation & speed calculations
-actuators; throttle, wings, rudder

58
Q

advantages & disadvantages of robots in transport (planes)

A

advantages:
-less labor
-safer
-more aerodynamics; no need for cockpit for piolets
disadvantages:
-hijacking
-emergency situations
-maintenance

59
Q

robots in agriculture

A

Havrvesting & picking, weed control, seed distribution
2) harvesting & picking:
-accurate (only pick ripe fruits) & faster
-higher yield & less waste
-no stalk damage to plant
2) weed control:
-distinguish btw weed & plant
-drone gets and aerial view & paths are programmed
-directions use GPS
3) phenotyping:
-spectral sensors & thermal cameras to create 3D image of plant to be monitored for health & growth
-recognises issues & tells farmer
-more accurate & faster than doing manually
4) seed planting & fertiliser distribution:
-drone gets and aerial view
-accurate seed planting & more efficient fertilier spreading
-drones used for cloud seeding
5) autonomous agricultural devices:
-uses sensors, cameras & programmed to stop when weather is bad
eg. seeding robots, grass cutters

60
Q

advantages & disadvantages of robots in agriculture

A

1) harvesting & picking:
advantages: more efficient, faster
disadvantages: expensive initially, maintenance
2) weed control:
advantages: eco- friendly, precise
disadvantages: expensive initially, struggles identifying certain weeds
3) phenotyping:
advantages: accurate, early detection of diseases
disadvantages: expensive initially, needs advanced software
4) seed planting & fertiliser distribution:
advantages: precise, less waste
disadvantages: expensive initially, disrupted by bad weather
5) autonomous agricultural devices:
advantages: less labor, 24/7 work
disadvantages: expensive initially, unemployment

61
Q

robots in medicine

A

-quicker & less costly operations
-robotic surgery; minor surgery
-monitor patients
-disinfect operation rooms
-take blood samples from patients
-microbots for target therapy; localise drug in 1 spot & less damage to other tissues
-prosthetic limbs; bionic skin & neural implants interface with nervous system for better control of limb

62
Q

advantages & disadvantages of robots in medicine

A

advantages:
-doc & nurses are freed for more skilled work
-safer for doc & nurses if patient has infectious diseases
disadvantages: expensive initially, maintenance

63
Q

robots in home

A

1 & 2) autonomous vacuum cleaners & grass cutters:
-proximity sensors & cameras to avoid bumping
-microprocessor to control robot & programmable by user
-actuators control motors
3) personal assistants:
-controlled by microprocessor
-understands voice commands & answers
-has HD camera & comp. vision to recognise people’s faces & navigate room

64
Q

robots in entertainment

A

1) theme parks:
-dress as cartoon characters which engage with visitors
2) music festivals:
-control lightning, visual effects & animation sync with music
3) film making
-control cameras; keep them steady
4) humanoid robots:
-stunt actions & use comp. generated imagery (CGI)
5) special effects
-sync actions & special affects

65
Q

define dependent robot

A

robot that requires human interface to operate & supplements human activities

66
Q

define end effector

A

device attached to robot which allows it to carry out tasks

67
Q

define ai

A

branch of comp. sci which simulates human intelligence by a comp.

68
Q

types of ai

A

-narrow ai - specific task & better than humans
eg. chat bot, facial recognition systems
-general ai - range of task & similar to humans
-strong ai - range of task & better than humans

69
Q

2 types of ai systems

A

-expert system
-machine learning

70
Q

characteristics of ai

A

-collection of data & rules
-ability to reason
-ability to learn & adapt

71
Q

advantage & disadvantage of expert system

A

advantage:
-accurate
-can make logical solutions
-fast response time
disadvantage:
-expensive initially
-only as good as the info in them
-can make dangerous assumptions

72
Q

components of expert system

A

-user interface; how expert system reacts with user
eg. command prompts, dialogue boxes
-inference engine:
gathers info in user by asking Q & finds info from knowledge base using rules base
-knowledge base: collection of objects & attributes
-rules base: set of inference rules used to come to a conclusion
-exploitation system; gives reasoning to user on how conclusion is derived
-expert systems shell: user interface, inference engine, explanation system

73
Q

define expert system & eg

A

-form of ai that mimics human knowledge & experience
eg. chess, diagnosing patient

74
Q

how to set up an expert system

A

-gather info to put in knowledge base
-create rules base, inference engine & user interface
-test fully after set up

75
Q

define machine learning

A

sub set of ai where algorithms are trained & learn from past experiences & examples
eg. search engines

76
Q

how is machine learning used in categorizing emails as spam

A

-cleans out stop words & leave relevant data only
-certain words are frequently used in spam emails
-learns from past emails that its a spam

77
Q

how is machine learning used in recognizing user buying history

A

-collaboration filtering; comparing customers with simila shopping behavior with new customers

78
Q

diff btw expert system & machine learning

A

expert system:
-stimulated human intelligence in machines
-aim: machines capable of thinking like humans
machine learning:
-makes machine make decisions without being programmed to do so
-aim: make machines learn to solve new problems

79
Q

how is machine learning used in detecting fraudulent activity

A

-shopping habits & personal data is gathered
-redundant data is removed
-algorithm is trained; unusual spending will be fraudulent

80
Q

define autonomous

A

-no direct human control needed & can carry out human activity on own

81
Q

define actuator

A

-device under control of microprocessor & operates pump, wheels etc

82
Q

define ai systems

A

-form of ai where machines mimic humans & manipulates obj. using end effector

83
Q

how is machine learning used in search engines

A

-user types criteria
-search engine uses search bots to locate websites matching criteria
-user selects websites found in pg 1; this is classified as success, else its a failure

84
Q

run down of expert system process

A

1) knowledge base
2) rules base
3) inference engine
4) user interface
5) explanation system
- 1 & 3, 3 to 2 & 1 for conclusion, 3 give 4 ans, 5 explains to 4
-be careful of arrows, rules base points to explanation system & inference engine

85
Q

diff btw ai & machine learning

A

ai:
-range of scope
-works with structured, semi structured & unstructured data
-concerned about max.ing chances of success
machine learning:
-limited scope
-works with structured & semi structured data
-concerned about accuracy & patterns

86
Q

types of learning for machine learning

A

-supervised learning - data & labels on things
-unsupervised learning - data & no label on things
-reinforcement learning - give feedback

87
Q

define deep learning

A

subset of machine learning made of software that allows itself to train

88
Q

What makes automated systems more efficient than manual ones

A

Their adaptability to new scenarios without reprogramming

89
Q

What defines a machine as a robot

A

It has the ability to sense, move, and be programmed
-ai is not a requirement for a robot

90
Q

Robots used in surgery provide the benefit of:

A

Reducing operation time and errors
-does not completely eliminating ALL human errors

91
Q

what is a characteristic of robots

A

Ability to make independent decisions without programming

92
Q

define web crawler

A

robots in the internet that scan & categories websites for research purposes

93
Q

define knowledge base

A

repository of objects & attributes

94
Q

describe 3 uses of expert systems

A

-diagnosing patients
-chess
-oil & mineral prospecting

95
Q

describe 3 uses of machine learning

A

-categorizing spam emails
-recognizing user buying history
-detection of fraudulent activities

96
Q

define embedded system

A

combination of software & hardware designed to carry out a specific function; hardware is electronic, electrical or electro- mechanical

Comp sci (12 decks)

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