Chap 6

Question 1

Attention

Answer 1

To deal with the impossibility of handling, all inputs at once, the nervous system has evolved mechanism are able to restrict processing to subset of things, places, ideas, or moments

Question 2

Selective attention

Answer 2

When attention is restricted to a certain amount of possible stimuli

Question 3

Divided attention

Answer 3

Attempting to focus on multiple tasks at the same time

Question 4

Feature based attention

Answer 4

Focusing on a particular feature and a visual scene

Question 5

Object based attention

Answer 5

When focusing on one part of an object facilitates processing for targets on another part of the same object

Question 6

Reaction time

Answer 6

A measure of the time from the onset of stimulus to response

Question 7

Cue

Answer 7

A stimulus site might indicate where or what a subsequent stimulus will be ( can be correct or incorrect)

Reaction time is shorter for valid cue trials

Reaction time is longer for invalid trials

Question 8

Endogenous cue

Answer 8

Comes from within( top down)

Question 9

Exogenous cue

Answer 9

Comes from environments(bottom up)

Question 10

Spotlight model

Answer 10

Attention is restricted in space and moves from one point to the next areas within the spotlight receives extra processing

Question 11

Zoom lens model

Answer 11

The attended vision can grow or shrink, depending on the size of the area to be processed

Question 12

Guided search

Answer 12

A search in which attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the target items basic features

Question 13

Visual search

Answer 13

Looking for a target in a displayed containing distracting elements

Question 14

Set size

Answer 14

The number of items in a visual search display

Question 15

How is visual search quantified

Answer 15

As the average reaction time as a function of set size

Measured in terms of search slope, the larger, the less efficient, the search

Question 16

Automatic

Answer 16

Simple
Pop out
Parallel

Question 17

Effortful

Answer 17

Conjunction of features
Serial -> exhaust / self terminating

Question 18

Feature search

Answer 18

Search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient, color or orientation

Question 19

Parallel(visual attention)

Answer 19

Referring to the processing of multiple stimuli at the same time

Question 20

Self terminating search

Answer 20

A search from item to item ending when a target is found

Question 21

Conjunction

Answer 21

A search for target defined by the presence of two or more attributes

Question 22

The binding problem

Answer 22

The challenge of trying different attributes of visual stimuli which are handled by different brain circuits to the appropriate objects, so we perceive a unified object

Question 23

Illusory conjunction

Answer 23

Provide evidence of two features in a visual scene that provides evidence that some features are represented independently and must be correctly bound together with attention

Question 24

Feature integration theory

Answer 24

Anne Treisman’s theory a visual attention which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel Ive, but that other properties, including to the correct binding of features to objects require attention

Question 25

Preventive stage

Answer 25

The processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus

Question 26

In attentual blindness

Answer 26

Allocating attention always comes at a cost

Question 27

Change blindness

Answer 27

We miss quick changes

Question 28

Attentual blink

Answer 28

The difficulty and perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli mid RSVP stream of distracting stimuli

Question 29

Green and baviler (2003)

Answer 29

Reported that people who play first person, shooter video games have a reduced intentional blink

This suggests that visual attention performance can be improved with practice

Question 30

What are the three responses of cells that changed by attention

Answer 30

Response enhancement

Sharper tuning

Attended tuning

Question 31

Attention could enhance neural activity

Answer 31

Attention to a specific part of the visual field causes neuron coding those locations to have increase activity

This increased activation has been detected using fmri technology

Question 32

Fusiform face area

Answer 32

An area in the fusiform gyrus of human extrastriate that responds preferably to faces in fMRI studies

Question 33

Parahippocampal place area

Answer 33

An area of the cortex in the temporal low that appears to respond strongly to images of places

Question 34

Visual field detect

Answer 34

A portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system

Question 35

Participle lobe

Answer 35

In each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies toward the top of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobe

Damage to this can cause a visual field effect such that one side of the world is not attended to

Question 36

Neglect

Answer 36

In visual attention, the inability to attend to respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field

Typically neglect of the left visual field after damage to the right parciptal lobe