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BIO 201 > Chap 4 Tissues > Flashcards

Chap 4 Tissues Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 primary tissue types are:

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues.

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2
Q

tissue layer that gives rise to all body’s mature tissues are:

A

germ layers

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3
Q

noncellular substances sorrounding the cells are:

A

extracellular matrix

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4
Q

Tissue that contracts, shortens, with a force and responsible for movement

A

muscle tissue

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5
Q

macrophages are:

A

monocytes, type of white blood cell. either fixed (don’t move) or wandering, found in connective tissue. phagocytize foreign/injured cells, activate immune.

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6
Q

blasts / cytes

A

blasts =create matrix

cytes =maintain it

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7
Q

fibroblasts / fibrocytes

A

cells form fibrous connective tissue / maintain it.

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8
Q

chondroblasts / chondrocytes

A

form cartilage / maintain it.

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9
Q

osteoblasts / osteocytes / osteoclasts

A

form bone / maintain it = mature bone / break down bone

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10
Q

adipocytes

A

store lipids

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11
Q

mast cell

A

release chemicals in response to injury

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12
Q

3 loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

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13
Q

adipose tissue =

is found:

A

yellow adipose tissue =most abundant.
brown adipose tissue =axillae, neck, near kidneys.
adipose tissue is found within the orbits, breasts, deep to the dermis of the skin

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14
Q

vasodilation:

A

increase in blood vessel diameter from smooth muscle relaxation. increase speed of delivery of white blood cells to damaged tissue.

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15
Q

tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is:

A

muscular tissue

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16
Q

*epithelial tissue

A
  1. composed of closely packed cells
  2. covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, lines organs
  3. distinct cell surfaces:
    - free (=apical), surface, lateral, basement membrane
  4. cell and matrix connection
  5. nonvascular: diffusion must occur across cells to carry gases and nutrients.
  6. capable of regeneration: ability to mitosis, replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells.
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17
Q

*epithelial tissue functions:

A
  1. protecting underlying structures
  2. acting as a barrier
  3. permitting the passage of substances: acts as a filter (kidney)
  4. secreting substances: mucous glands, sweat glands, pancreas
  5. absorbing substances; carrier proteins regulate the absorption of materials
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18
Q

*classification of epithelial tissues

A
  1. simple epithelium (single layer of cells)
  2. stratified epithelium (more than one layer of cells, only basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane)
  3. pseudostratified columnar epithelium (appears to be stratified but is not)
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19
Q

*3 shape of epithelium

A
  • squamous (flat, scalelike)
  • cuboidal (cube shaped)
  • columnar (tall and thin)
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20
Q

connective tissue functions:
P.113-114

Loose connective tissue type:

connective tissue type:

A
  1. enclosing and separating other tissues; (separate muscles, arteries, veins, nerves from one another)
  2. attachment of one tissue to another; (tendons attach muscles to bone; ligaments hold bones together)
  3. supporting and moving parts; (bones and cartilage support, joints allow a part of body move)
  4. storing compounds; adipose tissue stores high energy molecules, bone stores minerals (calcium, phosphate)
  5. cushioning and insulating; adipose tissue cushions and protects, provides insulating layer beneath the skin
  6. transporting; blood transports the gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and cells of the immune system throughout the body. blood= fluid connective tissue
  7. protecting; cells of immune system and blood protect against toxins and injury, against microorganisms
  8. widely-spaced cells

consists of an open lacy network of relatively few protein fibers with widely scattered cells.

  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular
  • Dense collagenous
  • Dense elastic
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21
Q

Tissue repair

P.132

A
  1. clot forms.
  2. a scab is present 1 week later, epithelium (new epidermis) is growing into the wound.
  3. epithelium has grown completely 2 weeks later, and fibroblasts have formed granulation tissue.
  4. the wound has completely closed 1 month later, granulation tissue is replaced by new connective tissue.
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22
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

all the cell attached to the basement membrane.
some cells are tall, some are short, appear stratified but single layer. Almost always ciliated and with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface.
= nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi

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23
Q

mucous membrane

A

consists of epithelial cells. =respiratory, digestive: open to the outside of body

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24
Q

serous membrane

A

do not contain glands, but secrete a small amount of fluid: serous fluid =pleural, peritoneal: do not open to outside

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25
Q

synovial membrane

A

made up of only connective tissue. produce synovial fluid = rich in hyaluronic acid. line freely movable joints, help smooth movement.

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26
Q

areolar tissue

P.117

A

loose connective tissue.

“loose packing” material of most organs, and attaches epithelial tissue to deeper tissue.

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27
Q

tendons and ligaments

A

dense regular tissue

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28
Q

areolar connective tissue;

A

cells within a network of collagen fibers (mostly), elastic fibers.

  • loose packing
  • support
  • nourishment for associated structures
  • provide an area of immune defense
  • packing between glands, muscles, nerves, attaches the skin (epithelial) to underline (deeper) tissues
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29
Q

exocrine gland that consists of an individual secretary cell is:

A

unicellular gland (goblet cells are unicellular glands)

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30
Q

conducting cells of nervous tissues are called:

A

neurons

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31
Q

viscous secretion produced by goblet cells is called:

A

mucus

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32
Q

inflammatory response:

A
  1. chemical mediators are released
  2. dilation of capillaries and increased capillary permeability
  3. fluid and white blood cells leave the blood
  4. swelling occurs and white blood cells phagocytize bacteria and debris
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33
Q

adult stem cells=

A

labile =readily open to change, breakdown

34
Q

endocrine gland cells=

A

stable

35
Q

neurons=

A

permanent

36
Q

*fluid connective tissue:

A
  • hemopoietic tissue

- blood

37
Q

3 type of muscle tissue

A
  • cardiac
  • smooth
  • skeletal
38
Q

collagen type predominates in that tissue:

A

type 1 = tendons, ligaments, bone
type 2 = cartilage
type 3 = reticular fibers

39
Q

what type of epithelium forms glands and lines most kidney tubules?

A

simple cuboidal

40
Q

watery, low-protein fluid moistens serous membranes and reduces friction is:

A

serous fluid

41
Q

wear-and-tear epithelium;

A

stratified epithelium

42
Q

3 protein fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue:

A
  • reticular fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • collagenous fibers
43
Q

labile cells=

A

continue to divide throughout life; adult stem cells, cells of the skin, mucous membranes, hemopoietic and lymphatic tissues. Damage to these cells can be repaired completely by regeneration.

44
Q

stable cells=

A

connective tissues, glands, liver, pancreas, endocrine glands, do not divide after growth ceases, but retain the ability to divide, are capable of regeneration in response to injury.

45
Q

permanent cells=

A

very limited ability to replicate. if killed, are usually replaced by a different type of cell. neurons are postmiotic. if damaged, neurons may recover if the cell body is not destroyed; however, if the neuron cell body is destroyed, the remainder of the neuron dies. stemcells can undergo mitosis and form functional neurons in adult.

46
Q

2 types of large, nonferrous molecules =

A
  • hyaluronic acid (=forms slippery gel;lubricant)
  • proteoglycans
    these molecules constitute most of the ground substance of the matrix.
47
Q

mesenchyme =

A

=embryonic connective tissue. it is composed of irregularly shaped fibroblasts surrounded by abundant, semifluid extracellular matrix in which delicate collagen fibers are distributed. It forms in the embryo during the third and fourth weeks of development.

48
Q

mucous tissue membrane:

A

is found lining cavities and canals that are open to the exterior of the body (respiratory tract, digestive tract..)

49
Q

neuroglia

A

support cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Neuroglia nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.

50
Q

3 major types of the membranes=

A
  • mucous =consists of epithelial cells thick layer of loose connective tissue basement. line cavities and canals that open to the outside of the body.
  • synovial =made up of only connective tissue. line freely movable joints.
  • serous =consists of 3 component: a layer of simple squamous epithelium (=mesothelium), basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue. line cavities that do not open to the exterior. secret a small amount of serous fluid.
51
Q

simple squamous epithelium is found:

A
  • air sacs of the lungs = alveoli
  • serous membrane of the viscera (=viscus:body cavity of the trunk)
  • inner lining of heart and blood vessels
52
Q

regeneration:

A

the new cells are the same as those that were destroyed

53
Q

in a compound exocrine gland, the ducts are:

A

branched.

54
Q

collagenfiber resists:

A

stretching

55
Q

loose connective tissues:

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
56
Q

areolar tissue:

ex:
- fibroblast (produce fibrous matrix),
- macrophages (move through the tissue engulfing bacteria and cell debris),
- mast cells (contain chemicals that help mediate inflammation),
- lymphocytes (involved in immunity)

A
  • “loose packing” material of most organs and other tissues
  • attaches the skin to underling tissues
  • contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and a variety of cells
57
Q

function of connective tissue:

A
  • lends support
  • transport of nutrients, gasses, enzymes and hormones (Blood is a fluid connective issue)
  • attachment of one tissue to another
  • storage of high-energy molecules and minerals (adipose tissue stores high-energy molecules and bones store minerals)
58
Q

macrophages

A

enlarged monocyte that ingests foreign material and cellular debris.

59
Q

tissue repair = primary union

A
  1. clot & scab formation
  2. epithelial growth into wound
  3. granulation tissue formation
  4. scar formation
60
Q

distinct cell surfaces

A
  • free/apical surface (not attached to other cells)
  • lateral surface (attached to other epithelial cells)
  • basal surface (attached to a basement membrane
61
Q

2 molecules from the majority of “ground substance” within connective tissue are:

A
  • proteoglycans (a large molecules that consists of 80 to 100 polysaccharides)
  • hyaluronic acid (long, unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of disaccharide units)
62
Q

3 protein fiber types of fibrous connective tissue:

A
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
  • collagenous fibers
63
Q

classification based on cell’s ability:

  • adult stem cells=
  • endocrine gland cells=
  • neurons=
A

adult stem cells=labile

endocrine gland cells=stable

neurons=permanent

64
Q

simple squamous epithelium is found:

A
  • inner lining of heart and blood vessels
  • serous membrane of the viscera (cavity of the trunk)
  • alveoli of the lungs
  • small ducts
65
Q

inflammatory response events:

A
  1. chemical mediators are released
  2. dilation of capillaries and increased capillary permeability
  3. fluid and white blood cells leave the blood
  4. swelling occurs and white blood cells phagocytize bacteria and debris
66
Q

collagen type (3)

A

type 1=flexible, ropelike. tendons, ligaments, skin, bone. resist being pulled yet flexible. most abundant.
type 2=cartilage
type 3=reticular fibers

67
Q

tendon and ligament:

A

dense regular connective tissue

68
Q

fibroblasts produce:

A

fibrous connective tissue

69
Q

mesenchyme=

A

=embryonic connective tissue

70
Q

Gland that have a single duct=

A

=simple

71
Q

Gland that have with branched ducts=

A

=compound

72
Q

Gland with secretory regions shaped as tubules=

A

=tubular

73
Q

Gland with sacs=

A

=acinar or alveolar

74
Q

adipose tissue is located:

A
  • deep to the dermis
  • within the orbits (eye)
  • within breasts
75
Q

edema=

A

cardinal sign of inflammation due to increased permeability of blood vessels

76
Q

vasodilation during inflammatory response result:

A
  • heat

- redness

77
Q

simple squamous epithelium is found:

A
  • inner lining of heart and blood vessels
  • air sacs of the lungs
  • serous membrane of the viscera
78
Q

glands are composed of:

A

epithelial tissue

79
Q

connective tissue proper=

A
  • areolar
  • reticular
  • adipose
  • dense elastic
  • dense collagenous
80
Q

protein fibers ability to return to its shape after being stretched or compressed=

A

= elastic fibers

81
Q

collections of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them are:

A

= tissues

82
Q

Cells of connective tissue:

A
  • Adipose cells
  • mast cells
  • white blood cells
  • macrophages

BIO 201 (7 decks)

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