Chap 4 Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
4 primary tissue types are:
A
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues.
2
Q
tissue layer that gives rise to all body’s mature tissues are:
A
germ layers
3
Q
noncellular substances sorrounding the cells are:
A
extracellular matrix
4
Q
Tissue that contracts, shortens, with a force and responsible for movement
A
muscle tissue
5
Q
macrophages are:
A
monocytes, type of white blood cell. either fixed (don’t move) or wandering, found in connective tissue. phagocytize foreign/injured cells, activate immune.
6
Q
blasts / cytes
A
blasts =create matrix
cytes =maintain it
7
Q
fibroblasts / fibrocytes
A
cells form fibrous connective tissue / maintain it.
8
Q
chondroblasts / chondrocytes
A
form cartilage / maintain it.
9
Q
osteoblasts / osteocytes / osteoclasts
A
form bone / maintain it = mature bone / break down bone
10
Q
adipocytes
A
store lipids
11
Q
mast cell
A
release chemicals in response to injury
12
Q
3 loose connective tissue
A
areolar, adipose, and reticular
13
Q
adipose tissue =
is found:
A
yellow adipose tissue =most abundant.
brown adipose tissue =axillae, neck, near kidneys.
adipose tissue is found within the orbits, breasts, deep to the dermis of the skin
14
Q
vasodilation:
A
increase in blood vessel diameter from smooth muscle relaxation. increase speed of delivery of white blood cells to damaged tissue.
15
Q
tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is:
A
muscular tissue
16
Q
*epithelial tissue
A
- composed of closely packed cells
- covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, lines organs
- distinct cell surfaces:
- free (=apical), surface, lateral, basement membrane - cell and matrix connection
- nonvascular: diffusion must occur across cells to carry gases and nutrients.
- capable of regeneration: ability to mitosis, replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells.
17
Q
*epithelial tissue functions:
A
- protecting underlying structures
- acting as a barrier
- permitting the passage of substances: acts as a filter (kidney)
- secreting substances: mucous glands, sweat glands, pancreas
- absorbing substances; carrier proteins regulate the absorption of materials
18
Q
*classification of epithelial tissues
A
- simple epithelium (single layer of cells)
- stratified epithelium (more than one layer of cells, only basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane)
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium (appears to be stratified but is not)
19
Q
*3 shape of epithelium
A
- squamous (flat, scalelike)
- cuboidal (cube shaped)
- columnar (tall and thin)
20
Q
connective tissue functions:
P.113-114
Loose connective tissue type:
connective tissue type:
A
- enclosing and separating other tissues; (separate muscles, arteries, veins, nerves from one another)
- attachment of one tissue to another; (tendons attach muscles to bone; ligaments hold bones together)
- supporting and moving parts; (bones and cartilage support, joints allow a part of body move)
- storing compounds; adipose tissue stores high energy molecules, bone stores minerals (calcium, phosphate)
- cushioning and insulating; adipose tissue cushions and protects, provides insulating layer beneath the skin
- transporting; blood transports the gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and cells of the immune system throughout the body. blood= fluid connective tissue
- protecting; cells of immune system and blood protect against toxins and injury, against microorganisms
- widely-spaced cells
consists of an open lacy network of relatively few protein fibers with widely scattered cells.
- Areolar
- Adipose
- Reticular
- Dense collagenous
- Dense elastic
21
Q
Tissue repair
P.132
A
- clot forms.
- a scab is present 1 week later, epithelium (new epidermis) is growing into the wound.
- epithelium has grown completely 2 weeks later, and fibroblasts have formed granulation tissue.
- the wound has completely closed 1 month later, granulation tissue is replaced by new connective tissue.
22
Q
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A
all the cell attached to the basement membrane.
some cells are tall, some are short, appear stratified but single layer. Almost always ciliated and with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface.
= nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
23
Q
mucous membrane
A
consists of epithelial cells. =respiratory, digestive: open to the outside of body
24
Q
serous membrane
A
do not contain glands, but secrete a small amount of fluid: serous fluid =pleural, peritoneal: do not open to outside
25
synovial membrane
made up of only connective tissue. produce synovial fluid = rich in hyaluronic acid. line freely movable joints, help smooth movement.
26
areolar tissue
| P.117
loose connective tissue.
| "loose packing" material of most organs, and attaches epithelial tissue to deeper tissue.
27
tendons and ligaments
dense regular tissue
28
areolar connective tissue;
cells within a network of collagen fibers (mostly), elastic fibers.
- loose packing
- support
- nourishment for associated structures
- provide an area of immune defense
- packing between glands, muscles, nerves, attaches the skin (epithelial) to underline (deeper) tissues
29
exocrine gland that consists of an individual secretary cell is:
unicellular gland (goblet cells are unicellular glands)
30
conducting cells of nervous tissues are called:
neurons
31
viscous secretion produced by goblet cells is called:
mucus
32
inflammatory response:
1. chemical mediators are released
2. dilation of capillaries and increased capillary permeability
3. fluid and white blood cells leave the blood
4. swelling occurs and white blood cells phagocytize bacteria and debris
33
adult stem cells=
labile =readily open to change, breakdown
34
endocrine gland cells=
stable
35
neurons=
permanent
36
*fluid connective tissue:
- hemopoietic tissue
| - blood
37
3 type of muscle tissue
- cardiac
- smooth
- skeletal
38
collagen type predominates in that tissue:
type 1 = tendons, ligaments, bone
type 2 = cartilage
type 3 = reticular fibers
39
what type of epithelium forms glands and lines most kidney tubules?
simple cuboidal
40
watery, low-protein fluid moistens serous membranes and reduces friction is:
serous fluid
41
wear-and-tear epithelium;
stratified epithelium
42
3 protein fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue:
- reticular fibers
- elastic fibers
- collagenous fibers
43
labile cells=
continue to divide throughout life; adult stem cells, cells of the skin, mucous membranes, hemopoietic and lymphatic tissues. Damage to these cells can be repaired completely by regeneration.
44
stable cells=
connective tissues, glands, liver, pancreas, endocrine glands, do not divide after growth ceases, but retain the ability to divide, are capable of regeneration in response to injury.
45
permanent cells=
very limited ability to replicate. if killed, are usually replaced by a different type of cell. neurons are postmiotic. if damaged, neurons may recover if the cell body is not destroyed; however, if the neuron cell body is destroyed, the remainder of the neuron dies. stemcells can undergo mitosis and form functional neurons in adult.
46
2 types of large, nonferrous molecules =
- hyaluronic acid (=forms slippery gel;lubricant)
- proteoglycans
these molecules constitute most of the ground substance of the matrix.
47
mesenchyme =
=embryonic connective tissue. it is composed of irregularly shaped fibroblasts surrounded by abundant, semifluid extracellular matrix in which delicate collagen fibers are distributed. It forms in the embryo during the third and fourth weeks of development.
48
mucous tissue membrane:
is found lining cavities and canals that are open to the exterior of the body (respiratory tract, digestive tract..)
49
neuroglia
support cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Neuroglia nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.
50
3 major types of the membranes=
- mucous =consists of epithelial cells thick layer of loose connective tissue basement. line cavities and canals that open to the outside of the body.
- synovial =made up of only connective tissue. line freely movable joints.
- serous =consists of 3 component: a layer of simple squamous epithelium (=mesothelium), basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue. line cavities that do not open to the exterior. secret a small amount of serous fluid.
51
simple squamous epithelium is found:
- air sacs of the lungs = alveoli
- serous membrane of the viscera (=viscus:body cavity of the trunk)
- inner lining of heart and blood vessels
52
regeneration:
the new cells are the same as those that were destroyed
53
in a compound exocrine gland, the ducts are:
branched.
54
collagenfiber resists:
stretching
55
loose connective tissues:
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
56
areolar tissue:
ex:
- fibroblast (produce fibrous matrix),
- macrophages (move through the tissue engulfing bacteria and cell debris),
- mast cells (contain chemicals that help mediate inflammation),
- lymphocytes (involved in immunity)
- "loose packing" material of most organs and other tissues
- attaches the skin to underling tissues
- contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and a variety of cells
57
function of connective tissue:
- lends support
- transport of nutrients, gasses, enzymes and hormones (Blood is a fluid connective issue)
- attachment of one tissue to another
- storage of high-energy molecules and minerals (adipose tissue stores high-energy molecules and bones store minerals)
58
macrophages
enlarged monocyte that ingests foreign material and cellular debris.
59
tissue repair = primary union
1. clot & scab formation
2. epithelial growth into wound
3. granulation tissue formation
4. scar formation
60
distinct cell surfaces
- free/apical surface (not attached to other cells)
- lateral surface (attached to other epithelial cells)
- basal surface (attached to a basement membrane
61
2 molecules from the majority of "ground substance" within connective tissue are:
- proteoglycans (a large molecules that consists of 80 to 100 polysaccharides)
- hyaluronic acid (long, unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of disaccharide units)
62
3 protein fiber types of fibrous connective tissue:
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibers
- collagenous fibers
63
classification based on cell's ability:
- adult stem cells=
- endocrine gland cells=
- neurons=
adult stem cells=labile
endocrine gland cells=stable
neurons=permanent
64
simple squamous epithelium is found:
- inner lining of heart and blood vessels
- serous membrane of the viscera (cavity of the trunk)
- alveoli of the lungs
- small ducts
65
inflammatory response events:
1. chemical mediators are released
2. dilation of capillaries and increased capillary permeability
3. fluid and white blood cells leave the blood
4. swelling occurs and white blood cells phagocytize bacteria and debris
66
collagen type (3)
type 1=flexible, ropelike. tendons, ligaments, skin, bone. resist being pulled yet flexible. most abundant.
type 2=cartilage
type 3=reticular fibers
67
tendon and ligament:
dense regular connective tissue
68
fibroblasts produce:
fibrous connective tissue
69
mesenchyme=
=embryonic connective tissue
70
Gland that have a single duct=
=simple
71
Gland that have with branched ducts=
=compound
72
Gland with secretory regions shaped as tubules=
=tubular
73
Gland with sacs=
=acinar or alveolar
74
adipose tissue is located:
- deep to the dermis
- within the orbits (eye)
- within breasts
75
edema=
cardinal sign of inflammation due to increased permeability of blood vessels
76
vasodilation during inflammatory response result:
- heat
| - redness
77
simple squamous epithelium is found:
- inner lining of heart and blood vessels
- air sacs of the lungs
- serous membrane of the viscera
78
glands are composed of:
epithelial tissue
79
connective tissue proper=
- areolar
- reticular
- adipose
- dense elastic
- dense collagenous
80
protein fibers ability to return to its shape after being stretched or compressed=
= elastic fibers
81
collections of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them are:
= tissues
82
Cells of connective tissue:
- Adipose cells
- mast cells
- white blood cells
- macrophages
