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BIO 201 > BIO202ch18 > Flashcards

BIO202ch18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endocrine glands

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. pituitary (hypophysis)
  3. pineal body
  4. thyroid
  5. parathyroids
  6. thymus
  7. adrenals
  8. pancreas (islets)
  9. ovaries
  10. testes
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2
Q

endocrien functions:

A
  • metabolism and tissue maturation
  • ion regulation
  • water balance
  • immune system regulation
  • heart rate and blood pressure regulation
  • control of blood glucose and other nutrients
  • control of reproductive functions
  • uterine contractions and milk release
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3
Q

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

A

extension of hypothalamus
neuroglia and nerve fiber construction
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in cell axon
- oxytocin in cell axon
release by action potential of nerve cells

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4
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A 
made in hypothalamic neuron
target: kidneys, blood vessels
1. water reabsorption/back into the blood
2. vasoconstriction/increase pressure
- diabetes insipidus/hyposecretion of ADH=polyuria (no sugar in urine)
- alcohol inhibits ADH secretion
- inappropriate ADH secretion =SIADH 
hypersecretion of ADH=edema, salty urine
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5
Q

oxytocin

A

made in hypothalamic neuron
target: uterus, mammary glands
increase uterus contractions, milk let down,

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6
Q

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

A
  • growth hormone GH (somatotropin)
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • lipotropins
  • B endorphins
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • prolactin
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7
Q

GH =somatotropin

A

target: most tissues
- increases intestinal absorption
- increase growth in tissues
- increase amino acid uptake, protein synthesis
- breakdown of lipids, release of fatty acid from cell
- glycogen synthesis, increase blood glucose level
- somatomedin production

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8
Q

TSH

A

target: thyroid gland

- increased thyroid hormone secretion=metabolism

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9
Q

ACTH (stimulated by Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH from hypothalamus)

A

target: adrenal cortex, melanocytes
1. increase glucocorticoid hormone secretion (glucose from protein) resist stress
2. binds to melanocytes to increase pigmentation

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10
Q

lipotropins

A

target: adipose tissue

- increase lipid breakdown

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11
Q

B endorphins

A

target: brain
- analgesia( inability to feel pain) in brain
- inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion

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12
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

target: melanocytes in skin

- increase melanin production in melanocytes to make skin darker

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13
Q

LH

A

target: ovaries, testes
- ovulation, progesterone production
- testosterone synthesis, sperm cell production

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14
Q

FSH

A

target: follicle in ovaries, seminiferous tubules
- follicle maturation, estrogen secretion
- sperm cell production

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15
Q

prolactin

A

target: ovaries and mammary glands
- milk production in lactating
- increase response of follicle to LH and FSH

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulate pituitary activities through neurohormones and tropic hormones

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17
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

from hypothalamus stimulates FSH & LH

targets: gonads

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18
Q

thyroid gland

A

long half life

  1. T4 thyroxine 90% not active, convert to T3 (target tissue)
  2. T3 10% active
  3. calcitonin regulate Ca concentration
19
Q

T3 and T4 have to have:

A

iodine to make protein

20
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • metabolic rate decrease
  • weight gain, decreased appetite
  • dry, cold skin
  • weak muscle, sluggish
  • apathetic (sleep a lot)
  • decrease iodide uptake
  • goiter: body are not getting enough thyroid hormone so must need more=goiter
21
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • metabolic rate increase
  • weight loss, increased appetite
  • warm flushed skin
  • weak muscle, tremors
  • exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
  • hyperactivity, insomnia
  • increased iodide uptake
  • always goiter developed
22
Q

calcitonin

A

regulates plasma Ca concentration

  • lowers Ca by inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates hydroxyapitate formation by osteoblast
  • antagonized by PTH secretion
23
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

increasing Ca when its too low Ca

  • skeleton stimulates osteoclasts
  • kidney stimulates reabsorption of Ca into blood
  • intestine increases Ca absorption by activation of VD3 to calcitriol at kidney
24
Q

Adrenal gland

A
  • adrenal cortex: outer 3 regions; long term stress response

- adrenal medulla: inner; short term stress response

25
Q

Adrenal Cortex produce:

A
  1. mineralocorticoids; aldosterone increase Na absorption into blood plasma
  2. renin-angiotensin mechanism increase aldosterone release
  3. glucocorticoids maintain blood sugar, fat and protein breakdown, decrease inflammatory response = stress hormone
  4. gonadocorticoids (androgens)
26
Q

hypersecretion of cortisol or glucocorticoids:

A

cushion’s disorder

- moon face; buffalo hump

27
Q

hypersecretion of aldosterone:

A

conn’s syndrome

- hypokalemia (decreased K+); muscle paralysis

28
Q

androgenital syndromes:

A

excess androgens

- muscle growth, facial hair

29
Q

hyposecretion of adrenal cortisol:

A

addison’s disorder

  • mineralocorticoid deficiency: decreased Na, increased K+, dehydration
  • glucocorticoid deficient: hypoglycemia, weakness
  • hyperpigmentation by melanin
30
Q

Adrenal Medulla (2 hormones)

A

short term stress response

  1. epinephrine 80%
  2. norepinephrine (concerts to epinephrine
31
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  1. hypothalamus (cause; stress, physical activity, low blood glucose)
  2. spinal cord, sympathetic fiber to adrenal medulla
  3. blood glucose level up, heart rate and blood pressure up, muscle metabolic rate up, release fatty acid from adipose tissue, decrease function of organs
32
Q

Pancreas

A 
endocrine = islets: Alpha cell secretes glucagon, and Beta cell secretes insulin
exocrine = acini to secrete enzymes to pancreatic duct to intestine
33
Q

Alpha cell

A

release glucagon (polypeptide hormone response to hypoglycemia). rise insulin decrease glucagon

34
Q

Beta cell

A

release insulin

target: liver, adipose tissue, muscle, satiety center of hypothalamus
- lowers blood sugar by glucose uptake by cell
- inhibits breakdown of glycogen(carbohydrate stored in liver) to glucose
- decreasing plasma glucose and amino acids = decrease insulin secretion
- antagonized by: glucagon, epinephrine, GH, TH, glucocorticoids

35
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent IDDM

- hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin

36
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

non-insulin-dependent NIDDM 97% of diabetes
- develop in child
insulin receptor defective or insulin resistance slow glucose uptake

37
Q

Gonads - testes

A
  • testosterone regulates sperm cell production, develop/maintain male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
  • inhibin inhibits FSH secretion
38
Q

Gonads - ovaries

A
  • estrogen
    uterine and mammary gland development, external genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle
  • Progesterone
    uterine and mammary gland development, external genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle, placental maintenance
  • inhibin inhibits FSH secretion
  • relaxin increases flexibility of joint
39
Q

Pineal Gland

A

melatonin inhibits GnRH secretionfrm hypothalamus

40
Q

Thymus gland

A
  • fully active 2-18years old
    (breast fed up to 2 years, vaccine at 2)
  • thymopoietins and thymosins stimulate T-lymphocytes: immune response
41
Q

Kidney

A
  • Calcitrol = vitamin D3 increase Ca absorption in intestine
  • erythropoietin (EPO) RBC production
  • Renin(enzyme); counter acts low blood pressure: increase aldosterone
    increase ADH
    increase vasoconstriction
    -
42
Q

Heart

A

atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

  • high BP stimulates release ANH from heart atria
  • antagonizes Aldosterone, ADH, Renin
  • increase urine production
  • increase vasodilation
43
Q

GI tract

A

enteroendocrine cells

44
Q

Placenta

A
  • human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • estrogen
  • progesterone

BIO 201 (7 decks)

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