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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY > Chap 4 - The Human Freedom > Flashcards

Chap 4 - The Human Freedom Flashcards

1
Q

means freedom from external imperatives or any oppressive forces.

A

Physical freedom

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2
Q

is the absence of mental, emotional, or spiritual coercion or pressure

A

psychological freedom

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3
Q

is the absence of constraint through the punitive and oppressive force of moral imperatives

A

moral freedom

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4
Q

is not just independence from social determinism; it is a particular way of appropriating or exercising the assimilation of freedom in society

A

social freedom

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5
Q

is often linked with the notion of liberty and autonomy. These include but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly, freedom of choice, academic freedom, economic freedom, etc

A

political freedom

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6
Q

puts a premium on personal responsibility and accountability

A

existential freedom

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7
Q

it is the absence of arbitrary coercion.

A

negative freedom

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8
Q

who are the proponents of negative freedom?

A

thomas hobbes, john locke, john stuart mill

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9
Q

it is the self-rule, self-realization

A

positive freedom

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10
Q

who are the proponents of positive freedom?

A

Buddhists, Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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11
Q

for thomas hobbes, man is by nature _________

A

egoist/selfish man

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12
Q

Human being is a “__________________” (hint: latin phrase)

A

“homo homini lupus” De Cive (1642)

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13
Q

What does “homo homini lupus” means?

A

“Man is a wolf to man”

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14
Q

What is a state of nature?

A

a condition in which there is no established political authority/life before government.

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15
Q

According to _______, the state of nature is?

A

Hobbes, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short

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16
Q

In social contract theory, there must be some _____________, to compel men equally to the performance of their covenants.

A

coercive power

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17
Q

“The only way [for people]to erect such common power … is to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may ____________________________________-

A

reduce all their wills… unto one will.”

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18
Q

for john locke, the state of nature is?

A

one of peace, goodwill, and mutual assistance.

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19
Q

The Lockean state of nature is tolerable but not ____________

A

convenient

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20
Q

Instead of SURRENDERING the basic rights to the government, we __________ instead.

A

delegate

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21
Q

these are not bestowed by the government but they are God-given.

A

the fundamental human rights

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: for john stuart mill, “the only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs or impede their efforts to obtain it.”

A

TRUE

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23
Q

What is the limit of liberty?

A

“Society has no right to infringe on an individual’s freedom except when that person’s actions harm others.”

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24
Q

according to Buddhists it is best acquired by lessening or abstaining from fleshly cravings and focusing on a more fitting object of desire

A

self-mastery

25
for Buddhists, fleshly cravings are frequently viewed as ________ and ___________.
cruel and unpleasant
26
TRUE OR FALSE: If our activities are motivated by this desire, we will create unreasonable expectations and live in an illusionary world.
TRUE
27
TRUE OR FALSE: The mind should be trained to focus on a steadier and truer object, something that TRANSCENDS THE INTANGIBLE and finds illumination in that condition of being.
FALSE, TRANSCENDS THE TANGIBLE
28
What are the two (2) keys to enlightenment?
mindfulness and conscientious effort
29
Is freedom synonymous with self-mastery?
yes
30
He maintains that individuals who live in civil society never really feel the implementation of equality and individual freedom that was assured to them
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
31
TRUE OR FALSE: According to Rousseau, only a sovereign government with the consent of the people may exercise authority and empower citizens to join into a social contract for mutual protection and collective security.
true
32
For Rousseau what is the solution?
the solution is to develop asocial covenant that would regulate or limit these vicious human tendencies.
33
is a social agreement among individuals that have a collective will and common interest to preserve and maintain a genuinely free political society.
social contract
34
_________________ has more strength and influence over individual freedom.
general will
35
According to _________, good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws.
Plato
36
Erich Fromm interprets freedom as?
self-realization
37
is achieved not just through a mental act, but also through the REALIZATION of person's whole personality, through the active expression of his emotional and intellectual potentialities
self-realization
38
TRUE OR FALSE: In other words, positive freedom resides in the spontaneous action of the entire, integrated self.
TRUE
39
It is an essential quality of freedom.
Spontaneity
40
Define Spontaneity
it means free activity and implies one's free will.
41
TRUE OR FALSE: it does not mean 'doing anything,' but rather the nature of the creative activity that could function in one's emotional, intellectual, and sensory experiences, as well as in one's will.
true
42
Immanuel Kant interprets freedom as?
acting properly according to the principle of the Categorical Imperative.
43
states that one must act only according to that maxim which an individual can become a universal law.
Categorical Imperative
44
TRUE OR FALSE: Such a law is rational, supreme, and absolute. TRUE OR FALSE: Actions have moral value if they have universal applicability and reason that qualify this criterion
TRUE, TRUE
45
According to Kant, freedom is not about following ones passions or yielding to one's desires, but rather about _____________________________.
controlling or mastering them
46
freedom is founded on _________
reason
47
Jean-Paul Sartre, interprets freedom as?
responsibility
48
For Sartre, "existence precedes _________."
essence
49
This means that humans must exist first before he/she creates his/her essence
"existence precedes essence."
50
TRUE OR FALSE: The essence of being human is neither pre-given nor predetermined by any supreme authority or cosmic intervention or by any dominant society. Rather, it is solely dependent upon the individual choices which human beings make.
TRUE
51
In summary, What does “existence precedes essence” mean?
〉Human beings have no preconceived essence or predefined nature 〉God is not responsible for our human life. 〉We define our existence in this world. 〉Our existence is determined by the choices that we make, not by any god/s or external authority. 〉Meaningful existence is the end of all human efforts and struggles. 〉Living authentically is the way to overcome life’s absurdities.
52
Name the four (4) Misconceptions on Freedom
Subjectivistic Freedom, Transcendental Freedom, Scientistic Freedom, Populist Freedom
53
Doing “freely” what one subjectively wishes.
Subjectivistic Freedom
54
Freedom presupposes God’s gift to humanity.
Transcendental Freedom
55
This definition of freedom is strictly deterministic.
Scientistic Freedom
56
Freedom is based on popular expressions, fashionable representations, and/or emotivist speeches.
Populist Freedom
57
According to Friedrich Schleiermacher, in moral agency & moral Virtue, ___________ (Gefühl) or _______________ (Empfindung) that gives the person the motivational force or psychological drive to act, not reason (in the Kantian sense)
feeling and sentiment
58
TRUE OR FALSE: Freedom must be intended (or determined) by the moral agent, not just desire it.
TRUE
59
What does the Latin phrase “Operari sequitur esse” means?
first something must exist and only then it can act

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY (6 decks)

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