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INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY > Chap 4 - The Human Freedom > Flashcards

Chap 4 - The Human Freedom Flashcards

1
Q

means freedom from external imperatives or any oppressive forces.

A

Physical freedom

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2
Q

is the absence of mental, emotional, or spiritual coercion or pressure

A

psychological freedom

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3
Q

is the absence of constraint through the punitive and oppressive force of moral imperatives

A

moral freedom

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4
Q

is not just independence from social determinism; it is a particular way of appropriating or exercising the assimilation of freedom in society

A

social freedom

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5
Q

is often linked with the notion of liberty and autonomy. These include but are not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly, freedom of choice, academic freedom, economic freedom, etc

A

political freedom

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6
Q

puts a premium on personal responsibility and accountability

A

existential freedom

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7
Q

it is the absence of arbitrary coercion.

A

negative freedom

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8
Q

who are the proponents of negative freedom?

A

thomas hobbes, john locke, john stuart mill

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9
Q

it is the self-rule, self-realization

A

positive freedom

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10
Q

who are the proponents of positive freedom?

A

Buddhists, Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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11
Q

for thomas hobbes, man is by nature _________

A

egoist/selfish man

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12
Q

Human being is a “__________________” (hint: latin phrase)

A

“homo homini lupus” De Cive (1642)

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13
Q

What does “homo homini lupus” means?

A

“Man is a wolf to man”

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14
Q

What is a state of nature?

A

a condition in which there is no established political authority/life before government.

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15
Q

According to _______, the state of nature is?

A

Hobbes, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short

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16
Q

In social contract theory, there must be some _____________, to compel men equally to the performance of their covenants.

A

coercive power

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17
Q

“The only way [for people]to erect such common power … is to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may ____________________________________-

A

reduce all their wills… unto one will.”

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18
Q

for john locke, the state of nature is?

A

one of peace, goodwill, and mutual assistance.

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19
Q

The Lockean state of nature is tolerable but not ____________

A

convenient

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20
Q

Instead of SURRENDERING the basic rights to the government, we __________ instead.

A

delegate

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21
Q

these are not bestowed by the government but they are God-given.

A

the fundamental human rights

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: for john stuart mill, “the only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs or impede their efforts to obtain it.”

A

TRUE

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23
Q

What is the limit of liberty?

A

“Society has no right to infringe on an individual’s freedom except when that person’s actions harm others.”

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24
Q

according to Buddhists it is best acquired by lessening or abstaining from fleshly cravings and focusing on a more fitting object of desire

A

self-mastery

25
Q

for Buddhists, fleshly cravings are frequently viewed as ________ and ___________.

A

cruel and unpleasant

26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: If our activities are motivated by this desire, we will create unreasonable expectations and live in an illusionary world.

A

TRUE

27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The mind should be trained to focus on a steadier and truer object, something that TRANSCENDS THE INTANGIBLE and finds illumination in that condition of being.

A

FALSE, TRANSCENDS THE TANGIBLE

28
Q

What are the two (2) keys to enlightenment?

A

mindfulness and conscientious effort

29
Q

Is freedom synonymous with self-mastery?

A

yes

30
Q

He maintains that individuals who live in civil society never really feel the implementation of equality and individual freedom that was assured to them

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: According to Rousseau, only a sovereign government with the consent of the people may exercise authority and empower citizens to join into a social contract for mutual protection and collective security.

A

true

32
Q

For Rousseau what is the solution?

A

the solution is to develop asocial covenant that would regulate or limit these vicious human tendencies.

33
Q

is a social agreement among individuals that have a collective will and common interest to preserve and maintain a genuinely free political society.

A

social contract

34
Q

_________________ has more strength and influence over individual freedom.

A

general will

35
Q

According to _________, good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws.

A

Plato

36
Q

Erich Fromm interprets freedom as?

A

self-realization

37
Q

is achieved not just through a mental act, but also through the REALIZATION of person’s whole personality, through the active expression of his emotional and intellectual potentialities

A

self-realization

38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In other words, positive freedom resides in the spontaneous action of the entire, integrated self.

A

TRUE

39
Q

It is an essential quality of freedom.

A

Spontaneity

40
Q

Define Spontaneity

A

it means free activity and implies one’s free will.

41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: it does not mean ‘doing anything,’ but rather the nature of the creative activity that could function in one’s emotional, intellectual, and sensory experiences, as well as in one’s will.

A

true

42
Q

Immanuel Kant interprets freedom as?

A

acting properly according to the principle of the Categorical Imperative.

43
Q

states that one must act only according to that maxim which an individual can become a universal law.

A

Categorical Imperative

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Such a law is rational, supreme, and absolute.

TRUE OR FALSE: Actions have moral value if they have universal applicability and reason that qualify this criterion

A

TRUE, TRUE

45
Q

According to Kant, freedom is not about following ones passions or yielding to one’s desires, but rather about _____________________________.

A

controlling or mastering them

46
Q

freedom is founded on _________

A

reason

47
Q

Jean-Paul Sartre, interprets freedom as?

A

responsibility

48
Q

For Sartre, “existence precedes _________.”

A

essence

49
Q

This means that humans must exist first before he/she creates his/her essence

A

“existence precedes essence.”

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The essence of being human is neither pre-given nor predetermined by any supreme authority or cosmic intervention or by any dominant society. Rather, it is solely dependent upon the individual choices which human beings make.

A

TRUE

51
Q

In summary, What does “existence precedes essence” mean?

A

〉Human beings have no preconceived essence or predefined nature
〉God is not responsible for our human life.
〉We define our existence in this world.
〉Our existence is determined by the choices that we make, not by any god/s or external authority.
〉Meaningful existence is the end of all human efforts and struggles.
〉Living authentically is the way to overcome life’s absurdities.

52
Q

Name the four (4) Misconceptions on Freedom

A

Subjectivistic Freedom, Transcendental Freedom, Scientistic Freedom, Populist Freedom

53
Q

Doing “freely” what one subjectively wishes.

A

Subjectivistic Freedom

54
Q

Freedom presupposes God’s gift to humanity.

A

Transcendental Freedom

55
Q

This definition of freedom is strictly deterministic.

A

Scientistic Freedom

56
Q

Freedom is based on popular expressions, fashionable representations, and/or emotivist speeches.

A

Populist Freedom

57
Q

According to Friedrich Schleiermacher, in moral agency & moral Virtue, ___________ (Gefühl) or _______________ (Empfindung) that gives the person the motivational force or psychological drive to act, not reason (in the Kantian sense)

A

feeling and sentiment

58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Freedom must be intended (or determined) by the moral agent, not just desire it.

A

TRUE

59
Q

What does the Latin phrase “Operari sequitur esse” means?

A

first something must exist and only then it can act

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY (6 decks)

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