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ITP 1 > CHAP 3: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

CHAP 3: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

the process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated

A

Sensation

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2
Q

the process of converting outside stimuli (such as light) into neural activity

A

Transduction

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3
Q

disorder in which the signals from sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas

A

Synesthesia

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4
Q

the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time

A

Just Noticeable Difference (jnd or the difference threshold)

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5
Q

the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect

A

Absolute Threshold

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6
Q

stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness

A

Subliminal Stimuli

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7
Q

is used to compare our judgements or the decisions we make, under uncertain conditions

A

Signal Detection Theory

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8
Q

tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

A

Habituation

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9
Q

tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

A

Sensory Adaptation

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10
Q

what are the three aspects to our perception of light

A

Brightness, Color, and Saturation

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11
Q

it is determined by the amplitude of the wave

A

Brightness

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12
Q

it is determined by the length of wave

A

Color / Hue

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13
Q

color can be measured in…

A

Nanometers

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14
Q

refers to the purity of the color

A

Saturation

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15
Q

process in which the light bends as it passes through substances

A

Refraction

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16
Q

clear membrane in the eye

A

Cornea

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17
Q

clear, watery fluid in the eye

A

Aqueous humor

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18
Q

hole in the interior of the eye

A

Pupil

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19
Q

round muscle (colored part of the eye)

A

Iris

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20
Q

behind the iris, suspended by muscles, is another clear structure called…

A

Lens

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21
Q

a process in which the lens changes its shape from thick to thin, enabling it to focus on objects that are close or far away

A

Visual Accommodation

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22
Q

nearsightedness ; farsightedness

A

myopia and hyperopia

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23
Q

large open space filled with a clear jelly-like fluid structure

A

Vitreous humor

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24
Q

final stop for light within the eye (light sensitive area)

A

Retina

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25
Three layers of Retina
Ganglion cells, Bipolar cells, Rods & Cones
26
visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina (responsible for color sensitivity to low levels of light)
Rods
27
visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina (responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision)
Cones
28
area in the retina where the axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve
Blind spot
29
the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights
Dark adaptation
30
the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness
Light adaptation
31
three colors theory (red, blue, and green)
Trichromatic theory
32
images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed
Afterimages
33
theory of color vision that proposes visual neruons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color
Opponent-process theory
34
it is the vibrations of the molecules of air that surrounds us
Sound waves
35
wavelengths are interpreted by the brain as...
frequency or pitch
36
amplitude is interpreted as...
Volume
37
richness in the tone of the sound
Timbre
38
frequency is measured in cycles (waves) per second or...
Hertz (hz)
39
it is the outer or the visible part of the ear
Pinna
40
short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum
Auditory canal
41
middle ear:
hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes)
42
filled with fluid; snail-shaped structure of the inner ear
Cochlea
43
it is the receptor cells for hearing
Organ of Corti
44
bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear
Auditory nerve
45
psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves
Pitch
46
theory of pitch that states DIFFERENT PITCHES ARE EXPERIENCED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
Place theory
47
theory of pitch RELATED TO THE SPEED OF VIBRATIONS
Frequency theory
48
theory of pitch that frequencies from about 400 Hz to 4000 Hz take turns in firing
Volley principle
49
it is the sensation of taste
Gustation
50
what are the five basic tastes?
Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, and Umami
51
what is the sixth taste?
Oleogustus (taste of fatty acids)
52
it is the sensation of the smell
Olfaction (Olfactory Senses)
53
two bulb-like projections of the brain that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells
Olfactory Bulbs
54
the body senses (skin senses, kinesthetic, proprioceptive senses, vestibular senses)
Somesthetic senses
55
sensation of pain; pain signals padd through a "gate" located in the spinal cord
Gate-control theory
56
it is the awareness of body movement
Kinesthesia
57
awareness of balance, position and movement of head n body
Vestibular Senses
58
awareness of the body and body parts are located
Proprioception
59
the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses
Sensory Conflict Theory
60
method in which sensations are interpreted
Perception
61
the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance
Size constancy
62
the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant
Shape constancy
63
the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same
Brightness constancy
64
the tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background
Figure-ground
65
visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed
Reversible figures
66
a Gestalt principle of perception, the ten- dency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same group- ing; physical or geographical nearness
Proximity
67
a Gestalt principle of perception, the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group.
Similarity
68
a Gestalt principle of perception, the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.
Closure
69
a Gestalt principle of perception, the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern.
Continuity
70
a Gestalt principle of perception, the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.
Contiguity
71
the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions
Depth perception
72
cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only
Monocular cues (pictorial depth cues)
73
cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes
Binocular cues

ITP 1 (2 decks)

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