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Biology > Chap 3: Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chap 3: Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 organic molecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
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2
Q

Examples of foods where we can get carbohydrates?

A

Rice, noodles, etc

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3
Q

Elements that make up carbohydrates?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
hydrogen to oxygen atom ratio
- 2:1

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4
Q

Functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • it is a substrate for respiration, provides immediate source of energy for cell activities
  • used to form support structures eg cell wall in plants
  • used for formation of nucleic acids eg DNA
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5
Q

Different types of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars:
- glucose
- fructose
Double sugars:
- maltose
- sucrose
Complex carbohydrates:
- starch
- cellulose
- glycogen

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6
Q

Name the 2 simple sugars and where they are commonly found

A
  1. Glucose - both plants and animals
  2. Fructose - mainly plants
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7
Q

Name the 2 double sugars and where they are commonly found

A
  1. maltose - plants
  2. sucrose - plants
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8
Q

Name the sugars that form:
1 - maltose
2 - sucrose

A

maltose: glucose + glucose
sucrose: glucose + fructose

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9
Q

How can double sugars be split?

A

Using enzymes

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10
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • maltose
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11
Q

How to test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution

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12
Q

Procedure for benedict’s solution?

A
  1. Place 2 cm^3 of food sample
  2. Add 2cm^3 of benedict’s solution
  3. Shake and place mixture in boiling water
  4. Record observations
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13
Q

What are the results for benedicts solution?

A
  • solution remains blue: no reducing sugar
  • solution turns green: traces of reducing sugar
  • solution turns yellow or orange: moderate amount of reducing sugar
  • solution turns red/red precipitate: large amount of reducing sugar
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14
Q

What are the three types of complex carbs and where are they commonly found?

A
  • starch: storage organ of plants
  • cellulose: cell walls of plants
  • glycogen: liver & muscle of mammals
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15
Q

Role of starch?

A
  • storage of carbohydrates in plants
  • if needed, digested into glucose to provide energy for cell activities
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16
Q

Role of cellulose?

A
  • protects plant cells from bursting/damage
  • it cannot be digested in intestines
  • it is dietary fibre to prevent constipation
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17
Q

Role of glycogen?

A
  • storage form of carbohydrates for mammals
  • if needed, it is digested to glucose to provide energy for cell activities
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18
Q

Stores of glucose in plants and mammals?

A

Plants: starch
Mammals: glycogen

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19
Q

Process of starch (in plants) to glycogen (in mammals)?

A

starch -> glucose -> glycogen

20
Q

Why is starch and glycogen suitable as storage materials?

A
  • insoluble in water
  • large molecules, cannot diffuse easily through cell membrane
  • easily broken down to glucose if needed
  • compact shape hence occupies less space
21
Q

What is the breakdown of starch?

A
  • enzyme amylase digest starch to form maltase
  • maltase breaks down and forms glucose
22
Q

How to test for presence of starch?

A

Iodine teste

23
Q

What are the different results from iodine test and what do the mean?

A
  • solution turns blue-black: starch is present
  • solution remains brown: starch is absent
24
Q

Procedure of iodine test?

A
  1. Add few drops of iodine solution to sample
  2. Record and observe
25
Q

List down foods that contain fats

A

butter, cheese, etc

26
Q

Elements that form fats?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
(less oxygen in proportion to hydrogen)

27
Q

Function of fats?

A
  • an insulating material that prevents excessive heat loss
  • source and long term storage of energy (higher than carbs)
  • part of cells, especially cell membrane
28
Q

What are the parts of a fat molecule?

A
  • glycerol & 3 fatty acid molecules
29
Q

How to test for fats?

A

Ethanol emulsion test

30
Q

What are the results from the ethanol emulsion test and what do they mean?

A
  • white emulsion formed: fats present
  • solution remains clear: fats absent
31
Q

Procedure of ethanol emulsion test for solids?

A
  1. Crush sample
  2. Add 2cm^3 of ethanol solution and shake
  3. Decant and pour into mixture with 2cm^3 of water
  4. Record and observe
32
Q

Procedure of ethanol emulsion test for liquids?

A
  1. Add 2cm^3 of ethanol and shake
  2. Add 2cm^3 of water and shake
  3. Record and observe
33
Q

What does decant mean?

A

only pour out liquid and use it for the experiment

34
Q

What are some foods that contain protein?

A

eggs, milk, etc

35
Q

Elements that make up proteins?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, (sometimes sulfur)

36
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  • synthesis of new cytoplasm
  • growth and repair of worn out cells
  • synthesis of enzymes and some hormones
  • formation of antibodies to combat diseases
37
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

amino acids

38
Q

How do amino acids form proteins?

A
  • amino acids form polypeptides
  • polypeptides folded together forms proteins
39
Q

How to test for proteins?

A

Biuret test

40
Q

What are the results of biuret test and what do they mean?

A
  • solution turns violet: protein present
  • solution remains blue: protein absent
41
Q

What is the procedure of biuret test?

A
  1. Add equal volume of biuret solution to food sample (2cm^3)
  2. Shake well and let it stand for 5mins
  3. Record and observe
42
Q

What are cellulose, glycogen and starch synthesised from?

A

glucose

43
Q

What are polypeptides and proteins synthesised from?

A

amino acids

44
Q

What are lipids (fats) synthesised from?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

45
Q

Another name for fats?

A

lipids

Biology (5 decks)

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