Chap 3

Question 1

What is a gamete?

Answer 1

A gamete is an egg or a sperm cell

Question 2

What is mitosis vs meiosis?

Answer 2

Mitosis: the cell division process where the parent cells produce an exact replica, having 46 chromosomes in total
Meiosis: the cell division process resulting in gamete production, having 23 chromosomes, half the normal amount in a typical human cell

Question 3

What is a genotype and what is a phenotype?

Answer 3

A genotype: a complete set of genes that make up a persons heredity, for example eye color or hair color
A phenotype: A persons gentoype and all other aspects that influence that persons physiological characteristics, for example, eye color being brown

Question 4

What does homozygous mean and what does heterozygous mean?

Answer 4

Homozygous: alleles of a gene that are identical to each other
Heterozygous: alleles of a gene that are different from each other

Question 5

What is single nucleotide polymorphism?

Answer 5

A change in the expected nucleotide base at a particular location within a strand of DNA (causes allele changes)

Question 6

What is a dominant and recessive allele ?

Answer 6

Dominant: an allele who’s phenotype will be expressed
Recessive: an allele who’s phenotype will not be expressed when paired with a dominant allele

Question 7

What is endogamy ?

Answer 7

A preference for people to reproduce with another person from their same social or cultural group

Question 8

What is polygenic inheritance?

Answer 8

The contribution of many genes towards ones phenotype

Question 9

What are monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Answer 9

Monozygotic (identical): siblings who developed from the same egg that split into two
Dizygotic (fraternal): siblings who developed from two separate eggs, that were fertilized by two separate sperm cells:

Question 10

What are non shared environmental influences?

Answer 10

Environmental circumstances within a family that contribute to siblings being different from one another

Question 11

What is mainstreaming?

Answer 11

An educational practice where children with developmental disabilities are place in the classroom amongst children who do not have these disabilities

Question 12

What are the 4 types of gene-environment relationships?

Answer 12

1. Passive
2. Active
3. Evocative
4. Niche picking

Question 13

Describe passive vs active gene-environment relations

Answer 13

Passive: Parents pass on to their children their genotypes while also exposing them to an environment that supports these specific genotypes
For example, bright parents may pass on genotypes that make bright children, but they also may expose their child to lots of books, discussions and activities that are intellectually stimulating
Active: The individual seeks to engage in an environment that best suits their genotypes
For example, a child that is bright may seek activities that are intellectually stimulating

Question 14

Describe the evocative gene-environment relationship

Answer 14

Different genotypes may evoke different responses from the environment that in turn can effect that genotype
For example: A child that is bright may pay more attention in school and ask more questions thus receiving more support and reinforcement from their teacher

Question 15

What is niche picking?

Answer 15

The process of deliberately picking an environment that suits ones genotype