Chap 21 Flashcards

Question

Client education for PNI

Answer 1

* Reinforces information about recovery from PNI * Use of the involved body part during functional tasks * Teaches movement with less discomfort * Teaches protection of the involved body part

Answer 2

□ Desensitization first □ Graded program, including massage, vibration, tapping, or rolling over involved areas □ Goal is to normalize the pain threshold □ Sensory reeducation □ Instruct the client to reinterpret sensory impulses □ Enhance the potential for functional recovery

Answer 3

□ Increase the client’s awareness of sensory deficits □ Safety is the major focus □ Compensatory guidelines presented under the section on CNS dysfunction also apply to PNS dysfunction

Answer 4

discrimination of detail and contrast

Answer 5

Affected by: * near-sightedness * far-sightedness * presbyopia * astigmatism * eye disease * trauma * CNS dysfunction

Answer 6

* Visual history * Visual acuity * Oculomotor control * Visual field testing

Answer 7

visual information is sharp, clear, and accurate

Answer 8

effective control of eye movements

Answer 9

reception of complete information

Answer 10

fixing the gaze for as long as is required and shifting the gaze when needed

Answer 11

shifting attention from one visual target to another in smooth succession

Answer 12

ability to distinguish an object from its surroundings

Answer 13

create and retain a visual image □ Temporarily in short-term memory □ Stored in long-term memory

Answer 14

manipulate visual information mentally and integrate it with other sensory information □ Serves as a foundation for all learning

Answer 15

anatomical change in the visual system-optic atrophy, cataract

Answer 16

functional changes in vision resulting from the disorder-visual acuity, visual field, ocular motility

Answer 17

resulting from the impairment that limits performance of ADL

Answer 18

need for extra support

Answer 19

far-sightedness associated with aging

Answer 20

* leading cause of loss of central vision for older adults □ Dry (90%) or wet (10%) type □ Also reduces the ability to distinguish details and color □ No cure; drug and laser treatments can slow the progression

Answer 21

□ Starts with floaters; progresses to blurred vision and visual loss □ Control of blood sugar slows the progression □ Laser surgery can be an effective treatment

Answer 22

* Use of contrast * Increase light for better illumination □ Reduce glare and minimize shadows * Use of solid background colors * Increase print size * Space objects further apart

Answer 23

* control of eye muscles * Skills include alignment, range of motion (ROM), speed, and coordination * Deficits cause images to be blurred or appear as double □ Closing one eye can help with double vision * Treatment should be guided by a vision specialist

Answer 24

loss of the right or left half of the visual field in each eye; common after a CVA

Answer 25

* Visual field loss results in narrowing of the scope of scanning * Person is unaware of the absence of vision □ May be unaware of the boundary between seeing and nonseeing fields * Less aware of objects in the environment * Reading presents a challenge * May have difficulty with tasks that require near vision

Answer 26

* Increase awareness of the deficit * Teach head movement for compensation * Special lenses may help with compensation * Reading: use of boundary markers; teaching head and eye movement * Writing: visual fixation on the hand; use of black felt-tip markers, boldly lined paper, and talking pens * Driving: requires specialized assessment * Environment: add color contrast, solid backgrounds; reduce clutter

Answer 27

* Focused: selective visual attention □ Used for structured tasks * Ambient: peripheral visual attention More useful in unstructured tasks

Answer 28

* Avoidance in shifting the eye toward the opposite half of the visual space * Normal scanning is organized, systemic, and efficient

Answer 29

* Also called left unilateral spatial neglect, hemi-inattention, or hemispatial neglect * Primarily occurs with right-sided brain injury * Distinctly different from visual field deficit * Client acts as if the left visual space does not exist

Answer 30

* Right injury: client fails to recognize any object because he or she does not perceive all of it * Left injury: client is aware of the object but cannot identify it

Answer 31

* Integration of foundation skills * Types of deficits: □ Spatial agnosia – inability to appreciate spatial relationships, distance, motion □ Alexia – loss of reading ability □ Impaired visual closure □ Figure-ground discrimination – objects stand out from the background

Answer 32

* Aim is to teach the client to take in visual information in a consistent, systematic, and organized manner * Teach clients to recognize and correct errors □ Provide immediate feedback □ Use activity prediction to teach self-monitoring * Practice skills within context □ Clients with a brain injury have difficulty with generalization of information

Answer 33

□ Left-to-right rectilinear pattern for reading □ Left-to-right circular pattern for unstructured scanning □ Require patients to physically manipulate objects scanned □ Games and sorting activities can be used □ Scanning of as broad a visual space as possible

Answer 34

□ Teach clients to study an object consciously; emphasize an object placed in the impaired space □ Use matching activities that require discrimination of subtle details

Answer 35

○ Use the remaining senses to gather and filter information ○ Teach safety techniques first ○ Break activities into small parts ○ Organize materials before starting an activity ○ Strategies for various ADLs are covered in the book