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PHYSIOLOGY > CHAP: 2 The Cell and Its Functions > Flashcards

CHAP: 2 The Cell and Its Functions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major parts of a cell?

A

Nucleus & Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a ?

A

Nuclear membrane

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3
Q

_ from the surrounding fluids by a cell membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

different substance that make up the cell are collectively called?

A

Protoplasm

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5
Q

protoplasm composed of 5 basic substances, what are these?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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6
Q

the principal fluid medium of the cell is, THIS IS PRESENT IN MOST CELL but NOT PRESENT in FAT CELL

A

water

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7
Q

water concentration ranges to?

A

70-85 %

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8
Q

what are the 5 important ions?

A
  1. Potassium
  2. magnesium
  3. phosphate
  4. sulfate
  5. bicarbonate
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9
Q

the second most abundant substance after water,

A

Proteins

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10
Q

protein constitutes about how many percent of cell mass?

A

10-20%

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11
Q

this type of protein are present in cell mainly in form of long filaments that are polymers of many individual proetin molecule.

A

Structural protein

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12
Q

are found especially in the collagen and elastin fibers of connective tissue and in blood vessel walls, tendons, ligaments, and so forth.

A

Fibrilar proteins

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13
Q

this protein are composed of combinations of few moleculed in tubular-globular form, this protein are mainly enzyme of the cell.

A

Functional protein

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14
Q

cells also contains highly organized physical structure called???

A

Intracellular organelles

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15
Q

_______ is also called plasma membranem it envelopes the cell, a thin pliable elastic structure, composed of protein & lipids.

A

Cell membrane

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16
Q

_______ is a lipid barrier of the cell membrane impedes water penetration, or a thin double-layered film of lipids.

A

Lipid bilayer

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17
Q

the phosphate end of lipid bilayer is?

A

Hydrophilic

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18
Q

while phosphate end is hydrophilic, the fatty acid is a?

A

Hydrophobic

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19
Q

______ are also lipid in nature because steroid nucleus is highly fat soluble, it mainly help determine the degree of permeability of the bilayer of water soluble of body fluids.

A

Cholesterol molecules

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20
Q

what are the important lipids?

A

Phospholipids & cholesterol

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21
Q

______ is also called Neutral fat often accoubt for as much as 95% of the cell mass.

A

Triglycerides

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22
Q

have little structure function in the cell, except as part of glycoprotein molecule but play a major role in njtrituon of the cell.

A

Carbohydatres

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23
Q

carbohydrateamounts average about_____ of total mass?

A

1%

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24
Q

carbohydrates increase how much ______ in muscle cell?

A

3%

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25
Q

carbohydates increase how much in liver cells?

A

6%

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26
Q

carbohydtare can be stored in cell in form of_____, which is insoluble [olymer of glucose that can be depolymerized

A

glucose

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27
Q

______ are globular masses floating in the lipid bilayer.

A

glycoprotein

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28
Q

______ this protein protude all the way through the membrane

A

Integral protein

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29
Q

______ this protein attached only to one surface of the membrane % do not penetrate all the way though.

A

Peripheral protein

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30
Q

integral proteins provide this ______ through which water molecules, water soluble substance, ions diffuses between the extracellular & intracellular fluids.

A

Channels or Pores

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31
Q

other integral protein act as?

A
  1. Carrrier proteins
  2. Receptors
  3. Second messenger
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32
Q

_______occur almost invariably in combination with proteins or lipids in the form of glycoproteins or glycolipids.

A

Membrane carbohydartes

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33
Q

_______ are the entire outside surface of the cell often has a loose carbohydrate coat

A

Glycocalyx

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34
Q

____ are mainly cabohydrates substance bound to small protein cores & are loosely attached to the outer surface of the cell as well.

A

proteoglycan

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35
Q

are the clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm in whcih the particles are dispersed. It contains mainly dissolved proteins, electrolytes & glucose.

A

Cytosol

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36
Q

5 special important organelles:

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Peroxisome

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37
Q

the space inside the tubule & vesicles is filled w/ this, awatery medium that is different from the fluid in the cytosol.

A

Endoplasmic matrix

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38
Q

______ are attached to the outer surface of many parts of the enoplasmic reticulum; this are large numbers of minute granular particles.

A

Ribosomes

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39
Q

Ribosomes are composed of a mixture of?

A

RNA & PROTEIN

40
Q

rough E.R function is to synthesized?

41
Q

smooth E.R fucntion is to syntesized?

A

Lipid substance

42
Q

what part of endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes this part is called _______

A

agranular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

this apparatus is prominent in secretory cell, where it’s located on the side on the side of the cell from which the secretory substance are extruded.

A

Golgi apparatus

44
Q

are vesicular organ that form by breaking off from Golgi apparatus & dhen dispensing throughout the cytoplasm.

45
Q

_______ are capable of splitting an organic compound into 2 or more parts by combining hydrogen from a water molecule w/one part of the compound & combining the hydroxyl portion of the water molecule w/the other part of compound.

A

HYDROXYL ENZYME

46
Q

_______similar to lysosomes but different i 2 important ways,

A

PEROXISOMES

47
Q

2 reasons for peroxisomes that differes in lysosomes.

A
  1. they are believed to be formed by SELF REPLICATION
  2. contain OXIDASE rather than hydrolases
48
Q

a highly oxidizing substances & is used in association w/ catalase

A

Hydrogen peroxide H202

49
Q

________ are formes by the endoplasmic reticulum & golgi apparatus & released in the cytoplasm to form storgae vesicle called?

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

50
Q

Precursor protein polymerized to form ?

51
Q

primary function of microtubles is to act _______,

A

Cytoskeleton

52
Q

without them the cells would be unable to extract enough energy from the nutrients & all cellular functions would cease.

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

_____ is the control center of the cell, contains large quantities of DNA which are genes, that determine the characteristics of the cell protein.

54
Q

during this phase nucles reveal a darkly staines chromatin material thoughout the nucleoplasm.

A

INTERPHASE

55
Q

during ______ chromatin material organizes in the form of highly structural chromosomes.

56
Q

also called nuclear enveloped is actually separated by bilayer membrane, and is penetraed by thousand of nuclear pores

A

Nuclear membrane

57
Q

_______are distinct structure found within the cell, primary involved in the assembly of ribosomes

58
Q

these ribosomes can engaged in protein synthesis by reading the genetic code carried by messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Functional ribosomes

59
Q

_____ is essential life-giving constituent of the small virus, embedded in the coat of protein

A

Nucleic acid

60
Q

______ simple movemet throught the membrane caused by the random motion of the molecule of the substance.

61
Q

______ actual carrying of a substance through the membrane

A

Active transport

62
Q

______ means ingestion of minute particle that form the vesicles of the ECF & particulate consitituents inside the cell cytoplasm.

A

Pinocytosis

63
Q

______ ingestion of large particles sucj as bacteria, whole cells & portion of degenerating tissue.

A

Phagocytosis

64
Q

pinocytosis is also known as ?

65
Q

what is the size of pinosome,

A

100-200 in diametes

66
Q

pinosomes can only be seem in?

A

electron microscope

67
Q

3 bacterial agents of lysosomes :

A
  1. Lysozyme
  2. Lysoferrin
  3. Acid pH of 5.0
68
Q

_______ dissolved the bacterual cell membrane

69
Q

______ bind iron & other substances before they can promote bacterial growth.

A

Lysoferrin

70
Q

______ activated the hydrolases & inactivate bacterial metabolic system.

A

Acid pH of 5.0

71
Q

most synthesized occur in?

72
Q

3 substance synthesized by S.E. R

A

LIPIS,
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
CHOLESTEROL

73
Q

______ where carbohydrates are added to proteins & lipids, for modifying their function.

A

Glycosylation

74
Q

_______ it plays a crucial role in replenishing cellular membrane through a process of membrane trafficking.

A

Intracellular vesicles

75
Q

this process is essential for maintaining the integrity & functionality of various cellular organelles & compartments.

A

Membrane trafficking

76
Q

nucleotide is composed of :

A
  1. Nitrogenous base adenine
  2. Pentose sugar ribose
  3. three phosphate radicals
77
Q

the last 2 phosphate radicals are connected with the remainder of the molecule by so called high energy phosphate

A

High energy phosphate bond

78
Q

when ATP release it’s energy a phosphoric acid radicals split away to formed?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

79
Q

ATP promote 3 major categories of cellular functions.

A
  1. Transport
  2. synthesis
  3. mechanical work
80
Q

how many % of atp is formed in the mitochondria?

81
Q

what are the 2 types of movement

A
  1. Ameboid movement
  2. Ciliary movement
82
Q

______ is a movement of entire cell, such as WBC in tissue, & Fibroblast

A

AMEBOID MOVEMENT

83
Q

most importnant initiator of ameboid locomotion is the process called?

A

Chemotaxis

84
Q

any chemical substance that causes chemotaxis to occur is called ?

A

Chemotactic substance

85
Q

from an area of lower concentration toward an area of higher concentration is called, cells move toward the source of?

A

Positive chemotaxis

86
Q

cells move away from the source which called.

A

Negative chemotaxis

87
Q

______ is a whip like moement of cilia on the surfaces of the cell 10 to 20 time per second

A

Ciliary movements

88
Q

Types of Cells That Exhibit Ameboid Locomotion

A

a. wbc
b. fibroblasts
c. embryonic cells

89
Q

ciliary movements occur in

A
  1. respiratory airways
  2. uterine tubes
90
Q

flagellum movement

A

quasi-sinusoidal waves

91
Q

Each cilium is an outgrowth of a structure
that lies immediately beneath the cell membrane

A

basal body

92
Q

nine double tubules and the two single tubules of cilia are all linked to one another by a complex of protein cross-linkages

93
Q

ions required for cilium

A

calcium and magnesium

94
Q

it has ATPase enzymatic activity, project from each double tubule toward an adjacent double tubule

95
Q

secreted later through the outer cell membrane into the pancreatic duct and thence into the duodenum, where
they become activated and perform digestive functions on the food in the intestinal tract

A

proenzymes

PHYSIOLOGY (2 decks)

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