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PHYSIOLOGY > CHAP: 2 The Cell and Its Functions > Flashcards

CHAP: 2 The Cell and Its Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 major parts of a cell?

A

Nucleus & Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a ?

A

Nuclear membrane

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3
Q

_ from the surrounding fluids by a cell membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

different substance that make up the cell are collectively called?

A

Protoplasm

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5
Q

protoplasm composed of 5 basic substances, what are these?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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6
Q

the principal fluid medium of the cell is, THIS IS PRESENT IN MOST CELL but NOT PRESENT in FAT CELL

A

water

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7
Q

water concentration ranges to?

A

70-85 %

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8
Q

what are the 5 important ions?

A
  1. Potassium
  2. magnesium
  3. phosphate
  4. sulfate
  5. bicarbonate
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9
Q

the second most abundant substance after water,

A

Proteins

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10
Q

protein constitutes about how many percent of cell mass?

A

10-20%

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11
Q

this type of protein are present in cell mainly in form of long filaments that are polymers of many individual proetin molecule.

A

Structural protein

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12
Q

are found especially in the collagen and elastin fibers of connective tissue and in blood vessel walls, tendons, ligaments, and so forth.

A

Fibrilar proteins

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13
Q

this protein are composed of combinations of few moleculed in tubular-globular form, this protein are mainly enzyme of the cell.

A

Functional protein

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14
Q

cells also contains highly organized physical structure called???

A

Intracellular organelles

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15
Q

_______ is also called plasma membranem it envelopes the cell, a thin pliable elastic structure, composed of protein & lipids.

A

Cell membrane

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16
Q

_______ is a lipid barrier of the cell membrane impedes water penetration, or a thin double-layered film of lipids.

A

Lipid bilayer

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17
Q

the phosphate end of lipid bilayer is?

A

Hydrophilic

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18
Q

while phosphate end is hydrophilic, the fatty acid is a?

A

Hydrophobic

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19
Q

______ are also lipid in nature because steroid nucleus is highly fat soluble, it mainly help determine the degree of permeability of the bilayer of water soluble of body fluids.

A

Cholesterol molecules

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20
Q

what are the important lipids?

A

Phospholipids & cholesterol

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21
Q

______ is also called Neutral fat often accoubt for as much as 95% of the cell mass.

A

Triglycerides

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22
Q

have little structure function in the cell, except as part of glycoprotein molecule but play a major role in njtrituon of the cell.

A

Carbohydatres

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23
Q

carbohydrateamounts average about_____ of total mass?

A

1%

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24
Q

carbohydrates increase how much ______ in muscle cell?

A

3%

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25
carbohydates increase how much in liver cells?
6%
26
carbohydtare can be stored in cell in form of_____, which is insoluble [olymer of glucose that can be depolymerized
glucose
27
______ are globular masses floating in the lipid bilayer.
glycoprotein
28
______ this protein protude all the way through the membrane
Integral protein
29
______ this protein attached only to one surface of the membrane % do not penetrate all the way though.
Peripheral protein
30
integral proteins provide this ______ through which water molecules, water soluble substance, ions diffuses between the extracellular & intracellular fluids.
Channels or Pores
31
other integral protein act as?
1. Carrrier proteins 2. Receptors 3. Second messenger
32
_______occur almost invariably in combination with proteins or lipids in the form of glycoproteins or glycolipids.
Membrane carbohydartes
33
_______ are the entire outside surface of the cell often has a loose carbohydrate coat
Glycocalyx
34
____ are ***mainly cabohydrates substance*** bound to small protein cores & are loosely attached to the outer surface of the cell as well.
proteoglycan
35
are the clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm in whcih the particles are dispersed. It contains mainly dissolved proteins, electrolytes & glucose.
Cytosol
36
5 special important organelles:
Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisome
37
the space inside the tubule & vesicles is filled w/ this, awatery medium that is different from the fluid in the cytosol.
Endoplasmic matrix
38
______ are attached to the outer surface of many parts of the enoplasmic reticulum; this are large numbers of minute granular particles.
Ribosomes
39
Ribosomes are composed of a mixture of?
RNA & PROTEIN
40
rough E.R function is to synthesized?
Protein
41
smooth E.R fucntion is to syntesized?
Lipid substance
42
what part of endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes this part is called _______
agranular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum
43
this apparatus is prominent in secretory cell, where it's located on the side on the side of the cell from which the secretory substance are extruded.
Golgi apparatus
44
are vesicular organ that form by breaking off from Golgi apparatus & dhen dispensing throughout the cytoplasm.
Lysosomes
45
_______ are capable of splitting an organic compound into 2 or more parts by combining hydrogen from a water molecule w/one part of the compound & combining the hydroxyl portion of the water molecule w/the other part of compound.
HYDROXYL ENZYME
46
_______similar to lysosomes but different i 2 important ways,
PEROXISOMES
47
2 reasons for peroxisomes that differes in lysosomes.
1. they are believed to be formed by SELF REPLICATION 2. contain OXIDASE rather than hydrolases
48
a highly oxidizing substances & is used in association w/ catalase
Hydrogen peroxide H202
49
________ are formes by the endoplasmic reticulum & golgi apparatus & released in the cytoplasm to form storgae vesicle called?
SECRETORY VESICLES
50
Precursor protein polymerized to form ?
FilAMENTS
51
primary function of microtubles is to act _______,
Cytoskeleton
52
without them the cells would be unable to extract enough energy from the nutrients & all cellular functions would cease.
Mitochondria
53
_____ is the control center of the cell, contains large quantities of DNA which are genes, that determine the characteristics of the cell protein.
NUCLEUS
54
during this phase nucles reveal a darkly staines chromatin material thoughout the nucleoplasm.
INTERPHASE
55
during ______ chromatin material organizes in the form of highly structural chromosomes.
MITOSIS
56
also called nuclear enveloped is actually separated by bilayer membrane, and is penetraed by thousand of nuclear pores
Nuclear membrane
57
_______are distinct structure found within the cell, primary involved in the assembly of ribosomes
Nucleoli
58
these ribosomes can engaged in protein synthesis by reading the genetic code carried by messenger RNA (mRNA)
Functional ribosomes
59
_____ is essential life-giving constituent of the small virus, embedded in the coat of protein
Nucleic acid
60
______ simple movemet throught the membrane caused by the random motion of the molecule of the substance.
Diffusion
61
______ actual carrying of a substance through the membrane
Active transport
62
______ means ingestion of minute particle that form the vesicles of the ECF & particulate consitituents inside the cell cytoplasm.
Pinocytosis
63
______ ingestion of large particles sucj as bacteria, whole cells & portion of degenerating tissue.
Phagocytosis
64
pinocytosis is also known as ?
pinosomes
65
what is the size of pinosome,
100-200 in diametes
66
pinosomes can only be seem in?
electron microscope
67
3 bacterial agents of lysosomes :
1. Lysozyme 2. Lysoferrin 3. Acid pH of 5.0
68
_______ dissolved the bacterual cell membrane
Lysozyme
69
______ bind iron & other substances before they can promote bacterial growth.
Lysoferrin
70
______ activated the hydrolases & inactivate bacterial metabolic system.
Acid pH of 5.0
71
most synthesized occur in?
E.R
72
3 substance synthesized by S.E. R
LIPIS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS CHOLESTEROL
73
______ where carbohydrates are added to proteins & lipids, for modifying their function.
Glycosylation
74
_______ it plays a crucial role in replenishing cellular membrane through a process of membrane trafficking.
Intracellular vesicles
75
this process is essential for maintaining the integrity & functionality of various cellular organelles & compartments.
Membrane trafficking
76
nucleotide is composed of :
1. Nitrogenous base adenine 2. Pentose sugar ribose 3. three phosphate radicals
77
the last 2 phosphate radicals are connected with the remainder of the molecule by so called high energy phosphate
High energy phosphate bond
78
when ATP release it's energy a phosphoric acid radicals split away to formed?
Adenosine diphosphate
79
ATP promote 3 major categories of cellular functions.
1. Transport 2. synthesis 3. mechanical work
80
how many % of atp is formed in the mitochondria?
95 %
81
what are the 2 types of movement
1. Ameboid movement 2. Ciliary movement
82
______ is a movement of entire cell, such as WBC in tissue, & Fibroblast
AMEBOID MOVEMENT
83
most importnant initiator of ameboid locomotion is the process called?
Chemotaxis
84
any chemical substance that causes chemotaxis to occur is called ?
Chemotactic substance
85
from an area of lower concentration toward an area of higher concentration is called, cells move toward the source of?
Positive chemotaxis
86
cells move away from the source which called.
Negative chemotaxis
87
______ is a whip like moement of cilia on the surfaces of the cell 10 to 20 time per second
Ciliary movements
88
Types of Cells That Exhibit Ameboid Locomotion
a. wbc b. fibroblasts c. embryonic cells
89
ciliary movements occur in
1. respiratory airways 2. uterine tubes
90
flagellum movement
quasi-sinusoidal waves
91
Each cilium is an outgrowth of a structure that lies immediately beneath the cell membrane
basal body
92
nine double tubules and the two single tubules of cilia are all linked to one another by a complex of protein cross-linkages
axoneme
93
ions required for cilium
calcium and magnesium
94
it has ATPase enzymatic activity, project from each double tubule toward an adjacent double tubule
dynein
95
secreted later through the outer cell membrane into the pancreatic duct and thence into the duodenum, where they become activated and perform digestive functions on the food in the intestinal tract
proenzymes

PHYSIOLOGY (2 decks)

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