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PHYSIOLOGY > CHAP: 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” > Flashcards

CHAP: 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” Flashcards

1
Q

vast field of physiology:

A

viral physiology
bacterial physiology
cellular physiology
plant physiology
human physiology,

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2
Q

attempt to explain the specific characteristics and mech-
anisms of the human body that make it a living being.

A

Human physiology

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3
Q

_________ reacts with carbohydrate, fat, and protein to release the energy required for cell function.

A

OXYGEN

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4
Q

about how many % of the adult human body is fluid, mainly a water solution of ions and other substances.

A

60%

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5
Q

is in constant motion throughout the body, composed of 1/3 is in this space, called??

A

Extracellular fluid or (milieu intérieur,) or internal environment

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6
Q

cells are capable of living, growing, performing their functions as long as proper concentration of this ________ are present.

A

OXYGEN
GLUCOSE
IONS
AMINO ACIDS
FATTY SUBSTANCE

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7
Q

is the membrane between alveoli & pulmonary capillaries only 0.4-2.0 mm thick, oxygen rapidly diffuses by molecular motion through this membrane into the blood.

A

Alveolar membrane

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8
Q

________ the different dissolved nutrients are absorbed (carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids) from ingested food into the RCF of the blood.

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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9
Q

detoxification of many drugs & chemicals happens in here, it also secrete many of these waste into bile, to be eliminated in the feces.

A

Liver

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10
Q

if it weren’t for this _______ the body could not move to the appropriate place at appropriate time, it provides motility, for protection against adverse surroundings.

A

Muskuloskeletal system

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11
Q

T or F: the same time blood picks oxygen is the same time carbon dioxide is released from the blood ito lungs alveoli.

A

True

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12
Q

The removal of carbon dioxide is made through??

A

Lungs

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13
Q

what is the most abundant end product of metabolism ?

A

Carbon dioxide

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14
Q

this ________detect the state of the body or the state of the surroundings eg. skin, ears, eyes.

A

Sensory receptor

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15
Q

this ______ compose of brain & spinal cord it can also store information, generate thought, create ambitions & determine reactions,

A

Central nervous system

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16
Q

the signals in the CNS is being transmitted here; it’s the one that carries the desires.

A

Motor output portion

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17
Q

________ is the important segment of te nervoust system, operate subconscious level, it control many function (e.g pumping of heart, movements of G.I tract & secretion of body gland)

A

Autonomic system

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18
Q

this_______ are loacted in the 8 major endocrine glands, and are transported in the extracellular fluid, it also regulates many metabolic functions.

A

Hormones

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19
Q

________ consist of white blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, lymph vessels that protects the body from pathogens such as ( bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi)

A

Immune systems

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20
Q

this ______ comprises 12-15% of body weight, it protects the deeper tissue & organs of the body, provide boundary between the bodys environment & outside world.

A

Integumentary system

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21
Q

it’s not considered as a homeostatic functions; but they help maintain the automacity & continuity if life.

A

Reproduction

22
Q

_________ operates in all cell to help control the intracellular & extracellular functions.

A

Genetic control system

23
Q

regulates concentration of hydrogen, potassium, phosphate ions in the ECF.

A

Kidney

24
Q

regulation of oxygen concentration in the
tissues is vested principally in the chemical character-
istics of hemoglobin itself, this regulation is called the

A

Oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin

25
Q

what is the name of substance that helps oxygen binds to hemoglobin?

A

Iron

26
Q

_________ is a simple and excellent example of a rapidly acting control mechanism.

A

Bararoreceptor system

27
Q

where can we found the bararoreceptor?

A
  1. Bifurcation of carotid arteries in neck
  2. arch of aorta in thorax
28
Q

decrease to less than 1/3 normal of potassium ion concentration can cause person to likely being________ result of the nerves inability to carry signals.?

A

PARALYZED

29
Q

Increase potassium ion concentration to 2 or more times the heart muscle is likely to be?

A

DEPRESSED

30
Q

if calcium ion concentration falls about 1/2 normal people person can experience ________ to the muscel

A

Tetanic contraction of muscle

31
Q

if glucose concentration falls below 1/2 normal person can developed extreme _______ & _______

A

Mental irritability & convulsion

32
Q

a control system that initiates _________, that consists of a series of changes that return the factor toward a certain mean value, thus maintaining homeostasis.

A

Negative feedback

33
Q

The degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions is determined by the____ of negative feedback

A

Gain

34
Q

this feedback is better known as a “vicious cycle,”
but a mild degree of positive feedback can be overcome
by the negative feedback control mechanisms of the body
and the vicious cycle fails to develop.

A

Positive feedback

35
Q

Therefore, the brain uses a principle called______________ to cause required muscle contractions. That is, sensory nerve signals from the moving parts apprise the brain whether the movement is performed correctly.

A

Feed-Forward control

36
Q

_______is the delayed negative feedback.

A

Adoptive feedback

37
Q

regulates the concentration of glucose in the ECF

A

LIVER & PANCREAS

38
Q

High concentration of carbon dioxide in the ECF can increase ?

A

PULMONARY VENTILATION

39
Q

control glucose metabolism

A

insulin

40
Q

control sodium ion, potassium ion, and protein metabolism

A

adrenocortical hormones

41
Q

controls bone calcium and phosphate

A

parathyroid hormone

42
Q

it is generally 12-15 % of the body weight

A

skin

43
Q

because of its own strong chemical affinity for oxygen, does not release oxygen into the tissue fluid if too much oxygen is already there

A

hemoglobin

44
Q

Give two examples of positive feedback mechanism.

A

Childbirth and blood clotting

45
Q

Give three examples of negative feedback.

A

Temperature regulation
Blood Pressure Regulation
Osmoregulation

46
Q

provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

A

ions

47
Q

several types of substances that are
grouped together because of their common property of being soluble in fat solvents

A

lipids

48
Q

used to form the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers
that separate the different cell compartments

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

49
Q

carbohydrate in the form of ______ ______ is always present in the surrounding extracellular fluid so that it is readily available to the cell

A

dissolved glucose

50
Q

Cell membrane is composed almost entirely of proteins and lipids. What is the approximate composition?

A

proteins - 55%
phospholipids - 25%
cholesterol - 13%
other lipids - 4%
carbohydrates - 3%

51
Q

lipid layer in the middle of the membrane is impermeable to the usual water-soluble substances, such as?

A

glucose, urea, ions

52
Q
A

PHYSIOLOGY (2 decks)

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