CHAP: 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” Flashcards
vast field of physiology:
viral physiology
bacterial physiology
cellular physiology
plant physiology
human physiology,
attempt to explain the specific characteristics and mech-
anisms of the human body that make it a living being.
Human physiology
_________ reacts with carbohydrate, fat, and protein to release the energy required for cell function.
OXYGEN
about how many % of the adult human body is fluid, mainly a water solution of ions and other substances.
60%
is in constant motion throughout the body, composed of 1/3 is in this space, called??
Extracellular fluid or (milieu intérieur,) or internal environment
cells are capable of living, growing, performing their functions as long as proper concentration of this ________ are present.
OXYGEN
GLUCOSE
IONS
AMINO ACIDS
FATTY SUBSTANCE
is the membrane between alveoli & pulmonary capillaries only 0.4-2.0 mm thick, oxygen rapidly diffuses by molecular motion through this membrane into the blood.
Alveolar membrane
________ the different dissolved nutrients are absorbed (carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids) from ingested food into the RCF of the blood.
Gastrointestinal tract
detoxification of many drugs & chemicals happens in here, it also secrete many of these waste into bile, to be eliminated in the feces.
Liver
if it weren’t for this _______ the body could not move to the appropriate place at appropriate time, it provides motility, for protection against adverse surroundings.
Muskuloskeletal system
T or F: the same time blood picks oxygen is the same time carbon dioxide is released from the blood ito lungs alveoli.
True
The removal of carbon dioxide is made through??
Lungs
what is the most abundant end product of metabolism ?
Carbon dioxide
this ________detect the state of the body or the state of the surroundings eg. skin, ears, eyes.
Sensory receptor
this ______ compose of brain & spinal cord it can also store information, generate thought, create ambitions & determine reactions,
Central nervous system
the signals in the CNS is being transmitted here; it’s the one that carries the desires.
Motor output portion
________ is the important segment of te nervoust system, operate subconscious level, it control many function (e.g pumping of heart, movements of G.I tract & secretion of body gland)
Autonomic system
this_______ are loacted in the 8 major endocrine glands, and are transported in the extracellular fluid, it also regulates many metabolic functions.
Hormones
________ consist of white blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, lymph vessels that protects the body from pathogens such as ( bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi)
Immune systems
this ______ comprises 12-15% of body weight, it protects the deeper tissue & organs of the body, provide boundary between the bodys environment & outside world.
Integumentary system
it’s not considered as a homeostatic functions; but they help maintain the automacity & continuity if life.
Reproduction
_________ operates in all cell to help control the intracellular & extracellular functions.
Genetic control system
regulates concentration of hydrogen, potassium, phosphate ions in the ECF.
Kidney
regulation of oxygen concentration in the
tissues is vested principally in the chemical character-
istics of hemoglobin itself, this regulation is called the
Oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin
what is the name of substance that helps oxygen binds to hemoglobin?
Iron
_________ is a simple and excellent example of a rapidly acting control mechanism.
Bararoreceptor system
where can we found the bararoreceptor?
- Bifurcation of carotid arteries in neck
- arch of aorta in thorax
decrease to less than 1/3 normal of potassium ion concentration can cause person to likely being________ result of the nerves inability to carry signals.?
PARALYZED
Increase potassium ion concentration to 2 or more times the heart muscle is likely to be?
DEPRESSED
if calcium ion concentration falls about 1/2 normal people person can experience ________ to the muscel
Tetanic contraction of muscle
if glucose concentration falls below 1/2 normal person can developed extreme _______ & _______
Mental irritability & convulsion
a control system that initiates _________, that consists of a series of changes that return the factor toward a certain mean value, thus maintaining homeostasis.
Negative feedback
The degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions is determined by the____ of negative feedback
Gain
this feedback is better known as a “vicious cycle,”
but a mild degree of positive feedback can be overcome
by the negative feedback control mechanisms of the body
and the vicious cycle fails to develop.
Positive feedback
Therefore, the brain uses a principle called______________ to cause required muscle contractions. That is, sensory nerve signals from the moving parts apprise the brain whether the movement is performed correctly.
Feed-Forward control
_______is the delayed negative feedback.
Adoptive feedback
regulates the concentration of glucose in the ECF
LIVER & PANCREAS
High concentration of carbon dioxide in the ECF can increase ?
PULMONARY VENTILATION
control glucose metabolism
insulin
control sodium ion, potassium ion, and protein metabolism
adrenocortical hormones
controls bone calcium and phosphate
parathyroid hormone
it is generally 12-15 % of the body weight
skin
because of its own strong chemical affinity for oxygen, does not release oxygen into the tissue fluid if too much oxygen is already there
hemoglobin
Give two examples of positive feedback mechanism.
Childbirth and blood clotting
Give three examples of negative feedback.
Temperature regulation
Blood Pressure Regulation
Osmoregulation
provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions
ions
several types of substances that are
grouped together because of their common property of being soluble in fat solvents
lipids
used to form the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers
that separate the different cell compartments
phospholipids and cholesterol
carbohydrate in the form of ______ ______ is always present in the surrounding extracellular fluid so that it is readily available to the cell
dissolved glucose
Cell membrane is composed almost entirely of proteins and lipids. What is the approximate composition?
proteins - 55%
phospholipids - 25%
cholesterol - 13%
other lipids - 4%
carbohydrates - 3%
lipid layer in the middle of the membrane is impermeable to the usual water-soluble substances, such as?
glucose, urea, ions
