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quantitative > chap 2 and 3 > Flashcards

chap 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in the research process?

A

To find an idea for a research study.

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2
Q

What two parts does the first step in the research process consist of?

A
  • Identify a general topic area
  • Explore previous research in that topic area.
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3
Q

Define applied research.

A

Research intended to answer practical questions or solve practical problems.

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4
Q

Define basic research.

A

Research intended to answer theoretical questions or gather knowledge for its own sake.

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5
Q

What are primary sources?

A

Original materials or data created during the time under study.

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6
Q

What are secondary sources?

A

Documents or recordings that relate or discuss information originally presented elsewhere.

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7
Q

What is the role of primary and secondary sources in a literature search?

A

Primary sources provide original data, while secondary sources provide context and analysis.

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8
Q

What is a full-text database?

A

A database that provides complete texts of articles.

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9
Q

What is a non-full text database?

A

A database that provides only citations or abstracts of articles.

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10
Q

What are the advantages of a full-text database?

A
  • Access to entire articles
  • Easier to conduct thorough research.
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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of a non-full text database?

A
  • Limited access to information
  • May require additional steps to obtain full articles.
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12
Q

What is a good hypothesis characterized by?

A

It is specific, testable, and based on existing knowledge.

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13
Q

True or False: Alcohol consumption has no effect on the ratings for same-sex faces.

A

True.

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14
Q

What can casual observation lead to in research?

A

It can generate excellent research topics.

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15
Q

What is an example of practical problems that can lead to research topics?

A

Developing more efficient study habits.

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16
Q

What is a common source for finding research topics?

A
  • Personal interests
  • Casual observation
  • Reports of others’ observations.
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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Research that is directed toward solving practical problems is often classified as _______.

A

[applied research].

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Studies that are intended to solve theoretical issues are classified as _______.

A

[basic research].

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19
Q

How can existing research publications help in generating new research ideas?

A

They provide background information and highlight unanswered questions.

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20
Q

What is an example of a behavior that could be a research topic?

A
  • Bullying
  • Meditation
  • Math anxiety.
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21
Q

What are some characteristics of a good research topic?

A
  • Interesting to the researcher
  • Relevant to current issues
  • Feasible to study.
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22
Q

What are the different types of observations that can lead to research ideas?

A

Theory, casual observation, systematic observation, secondhand information

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23
Q

How would research studies intended to answer practical problems be classified?

A

Applied research

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24
Q

What type of research is conducted to verify an explanation found in a journal article?

A

Basic research

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25
Q

What are primary sources in research literature?

A

Firsthand reports describing original research and observations

Examples include empirical journal articles, theses, and conference presentations.

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26
Q

What are secondary sources in research literature?

A

Secondhand reports summarizing someone else’s observations

Examples include textbooks, review articles, and newspaper articles.

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27
Q

What are the two basic goals of conducting a literature search?

A
  • Gain general familiarity with current research
  • Find a small set of studies for your own research idea
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28
Q

What is the definition of a literature review’s purpose?

A

To provide elements needed for an introduction to your own research study

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29
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

A review and statistical analysis of past research in a specific area

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30
Q

What is the first step in the research process after identifying a topic?

A

Review published research reports to gather background information

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31
Q

Why is it important to keep an open mind during the research process?

A

To allow background reading to lead to a more specific research idea

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32
Q

What should you focus on when developing a research idea?

A

Developing one specific research question

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33
Q

What is the analogy used to describe finding a research idea from existing literature?

A

Entering a conversation that has already started

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34
Q

What does it mean to take one step at a time in the research process?

A

To not feel overwhelmed and to approach research methodically

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35
Q

What is a common mistake when starting research?

A

Beginning with a specific, preconceived research idea

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36
Q

What should you do if you find multiple legitimate research ideas?

A

Discard most ideas and focus on one question at a time

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37
Q

What does the literature in research refer to?

A

The vast amount of published information in psychology and behavioral sciences

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38
Q

What is an effective strategy for narrowing down a research topic?

A

Start with a general area and follow leads to a specific idea

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39
Q

What is the importance of cross-referencing in literature searches?

A

It helps to trace connections between different publications

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40
Q

Fill in the blank: A ________ is a firsthand report of observations or research results.

A

primary source

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41
Q

Fill in the blank: A ________ is a description or summary of another person’s work.

A

secondary source

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42
Q

What is the primary purpose of a literature review in research?

A

To provide elements needed for an introduction to your own research study.

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43
Q

What distinguishes a primary source from a secondary source?

A

Firsthand versus secondhand reporting of research results.

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44
Q

What role do secondary sources play in the literature search process?

A

Provide concise summaries of past research.

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45
Q

What are some examples of secondary sources?

A
  • Textbooks
  • Meta-analyses
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46
Q

Why is it essential to consult primary sources for research?

A

For complete and accurate information.

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47
Q

What metaphor is used to represent the existing knowledge base in research?

A

A tree-like structure.

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48
Q

What are the two main goals when conducting a literature search?

A
  • Find recent research studies
  • Identify historically significant foundations
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49
Q

True or False: Secondary sources can sometimes distort the truth.

A

True

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50
Q

What is a full-text database?

A

A database containing complete, word-for-word copies of original publications.

51
Q

What is the advantage of using a database like PsycINFO?

A

Contains reputable scientific publications that have been edited and reviewed.

52
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a brief summary of a publication, usually about 100 words.

A

abstract

53
Q

What should you do if you have trouble finding relevant publications?

A

Change to a different database in a related area.

54
Q

What is the relationship between PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO?

A

PsycARTICLES is a full-text database with fewer items compared to PsycINFO, which contains over 4 million items.

55
Q

What are some key characteristics of PsycINFO?

A
  • Largest resource for peer-reviewed literature in behavioral science
  • Contains over 4 million citations
  • Indexed with controlled vocabulary
56
Q

What is the significance of using subject words in a literature search?

A

They help identify and describe the variables in the study.

57
Q

What is the primary focus of your literature search when starting with a general idea?

A

To narrow down to a specific research question.

58
Q

Who are often the leading researchers in a specific area of study?

A

A small group of individual researchers.

59
Q

True or False: All databases provide full-text access to publications.

A

False

60
Q

What is one notable exception to the general unreliability of Internet searches?

A

Google Scholar

61
Q

Fill in the blank: Each research study builds on _______ knowledge.

A

previous

62
Q

What is a common method to begin a literature search?

A

Start with a recently published secondary source.

63
Q

What is the total number of journals indexed in MEDLINE?

A

More than 1,470

This includes journals with full-text access.

64
Q

How many journals are not found with full text in any version of Academic Search, Health Source, or Biomedical Reference Collection?

A

558

65
Q

What should you do if you suspect your research topic is outside the field of psychology?

A

Check with a librarian to determine whether a database other than PsycINFO would be better for your search.

66
Q

What is one of the main concerns during a literature search?

A

Weeding out irrelevant material.

67
Q

What are the first steps to take after finding an article during a literature search?

A

Skim the introductory paragraphs and the discussion section.

68
Q

What should you do if an article still looks relevant after skimming?

A

Read the article carefully and/or make a copy for personal use.

69
Q

How can you expand your literature search?

A

Use the references from the articles you have already found.

70
Q

What is the theoretical goal of a literature search?

A

To continue until no new items are found.

71
Q

What is the practical consideration when deciding to end a literature search?

A

Deciding when to call off the search based on not uncovering new leads.

72
Q

What is the purpose of a literature search?

A

To gain general familiarity with current research in a specific area.

73
Q

What is a key criterion for a study to serve as a foundation for new research?

A

It provides some justification for new research.

74
Q

Which section of a research article typically includes suggestions for future research?

A

Discussion section.

75
Q

What can be a source of new research ideas from existing studies?

A

Combining or contrasting existing results.

76
Q

What is usually the initial factor for determining whether a specific article is relevant?

A

The title of the article.

77
Q

What should you use as your second screening device after the title?

A

The abstract of the article.

78
Q

What are the major sections of an APA-style research article?

A
  • Introduction
  • Method
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
79
Q

What is one of the critical evaluation questions regarding the hypothesis in a research article?

A

Is the hypothesis clearly stated?

80
Q

What is a critical evaluation question regarding the results section of a research article?

A

Were the appropriate statistics used?

81
Q

What should you consider about the participants in a study?

A

Are the participants representative of the population being considered?

82
Q

Why is it important to critically evaluate the discussion section of a research article?

A

To determine if the conclusions are justified by the results.

83
Q

What is the purpose of the references section in a research article?

A

To provide a list of items cited in the report.

84
Q

Fill in the blank: The introduction of a research article discusses previous research and presents a clear statement of the _______.

A

problem being investigated.

85
Q

True or False: The results section of a research article is typically important for generating new research ideas.

A

False

86
Q

What typically begins the discussion section of a research article?

A

Summarizing the results of the study, stating the conclusions, and noting any potential applications.

87
Q

What should you include in a complete reference for an article?

A

Author name(s), year of publication, title, source, journal name, volume number, and page numbers.

88
Q

What is the purpose of taking notes while reading a research article?

A

To have a complete reference and to summarize important aspects in your own words.

89
Q

What is a key characteristic of a good hypothesis?

A

It should be logical, testable, refutable, and make a positive statement.

90
Q

Fill in the blank: The use of visual images is related to _______.

A

[better memory performance]

91
Q

What does a testable hypothesis require?

A

It must be possible to observe and measure all variables involved.

92
Q

True or False: A hypothesis can refer to imaginary events.

A

False.

93
Q

What type of hypothesis is considered unsuitable for scientific research?

A

Hypotheses that cannot be tested or shown to be false.

94
Q

What is an example of a logical conclusion in a hypothesis?

A

Higher levels of academic success will be related to higher levels of self-esteem.

95
Q

What is a refutable hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that can be demonstrated to be false.

96
Q

What should you do if you want to modify an existing study?

A

Expand your literature search to include new subject terms.

97
Q

What is the typical structure of a research idea?

A

A general statement about the relationship between two variables.

98
Q

What is the goal of a literature search in research?

A

To find an idea for a research study.

99
Q

What characterizes a positive statement in a hypothesis?

A

It affirms the existence of a relationship, difference, or treatment effect.

100
Q

Fill in the blank: A testable hypothesis must involve _______.

A

[real situations, real events, and real individuals]

101
Q

What should you check regarding the literature review when reading an introduction?

A

Is the literature review up-to-date?

102
Q

What is the relationship between a hypothesis and a research question?

A

The hypothesis is a tentative answer to the research question.

103
Q

What might indicate a good research idea?

A

Recognizing the direction in which an area of research is moving.

104
Q

What is often a critical component of the research process?

A

A refutable hypothesis.

105
Q

What is the primary assumption when testing a hypothesis?

A

A relationship does not exist until evidence demonstrates that it does exist.

106
Q

How is the jury trial process similar to hypothesis testing?

A

The jury assumes innocence and the prosecution must provide evidence to prove guilt.

107
Q

What happens if convincing evidence is not obtained in a research study?

A

We cannot conclude that the relationship does not exist; we simply conclude that we failed to find convincing evidence.

108
Q

Why is a hypothesis that denies the existence of a relationship not testable?

A

It cannot be tested because it does not provide a foundation for gathering evidence in research.

109
Q

What are the next steps after forming a general hypothesis in research?

A

Define and measure variables, identify participants, and ensure ethical treatment.

110
Q

Fill in the blank: A hypothesis that proposes a relationship may be transformed into a _______.

A

[specific research study].

111
Q

What might a specific research predication based on the hypothesis that mental imagery improves memory look like?

A

College students instructed to form mental images will recall more words than those who do not.

112
Q

What is one method for generating new research studies from existing hypotheses?

A

Change the group of participants or modify the method for measuring the outcome.

113
Q

What is the recommended database for finding psychology research articles?

A

PsycINFO.

114
Q

What should be done after selecting articles from a literature search?

A

Discard articles that are not directly relevant and read selected articles to find new research ideas.

115
Q

Define a testable hypothesis.

A

A hypothesis that can be supported or refuted through observation or experimentation.

116
Q

Define a refutable hypothesis.

A

A hypothesis that can be proven false by evidence.

117
Q

What is the difference between basic and applied research?

A

Basic research seeks to increase understanding, while applied research aims to solve practical problems.

118
Q

Which of the following is not a good example of a research hypothesis? a. There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time.

A

a. There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time.

119
Q

What are the five sections typically found in a research article?

A
  • Introduction
  • Method
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
120
Q

Explain the purpose of operational definitions in research.

A

They specify how variables will be measured and defined in a study.

121
Q

What are the four scales of measurement?

A
  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ratio
122
Q

What are the three modalities of measurement in research?

A
  • Self-report
  • Behavioral observation
  • Physiological measurement
123
Q

True or False: A hypothesis must be both testable and refutable to be useful in research.

A

True.

124
Q
A

quantitative (2 decks)

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