Chap 15 Flashcards
major regions of the brain
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
direction:
anterior-toward nose
posterior-toward tail
three primary vesicles
prosencephalon (forebrain),
mesencephalon (midbrain),
rhombencephalon,(hindbrain)
Prosencephalon
telencephalon (cerebrum)
Diencephalon(epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus)
Mesencephalon
Cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi.
Rhombencephalon
Metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
gray matter made up of:
neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons.
White matter is made up of:
mylinated axons
Protection of the brain
blood brain barrier, cerebrospnal fluid, crainal meninges, and the cranium
cranial meninges
pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater
stabilize the brains position:
falx cerrebri, tentorium cerebelli falx cerebelli and diaphragma sellae.
falx cerebri
largest
separates R and L cerebral hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli
separates occiptal and temporal lobes
falx cerebelli
separate left and right cerebellar hemispheres
diaphragma sellae
forms a roof over the sella turcica.
Brain ventricles:
lateral ventricle, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and cerebral aqueduct.
Cerebrospinal fluid:
provides bouyancy, protection and stable environment for the brain and spinal cord
CSF
*Made in the choroid plexus
enters the subarachnoid space from the ventricles and returns to the venous circulation through the arachnoid villi.
Blood brain barrier
regulates movement of materials between blood and interstitial fluid of the brain
cerebrum:
area of sensory perception, thought, memory, judgement and voluntary motor actions
Cerebral hemispheres are separated by:
longitudinal fissure
lobes of cerebrum:
frontal, parietal temporal occipital, and insula
Frontal lobe:
directs voluntary movements,
concentration, communication, personality and decision making
parietal lobe,
collects somatic sensory information
Temporal lobe
hearing and smell
occipital lobe
vision, storing visual memories
insula
memory, and taste interpretation
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
inferolateral left frontal lobe
motor speech area
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex
temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex
insula
primary gustatory cortex (taste)
temporal lobe
primary olfactory cortex
Central White Matter
deep to cerebral cortex gray matter-composed of myelinated axons
association tracts, commissural tracts, and projection tracts
association tracts
connect different regions of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
(same side talk to different lobes)
commissural tracts
extend between cerebral hemispheres
R/L talk to each other
Projection tracts
link cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and the spinal cord.
Cerebral nuclei
areas of gray matter deep within central white matter caudate nucleus amygdaloid body putamen and globus pallidus Claustrum
Caudate nucleus
C shaped
contributes to smoothness of complex motor actions
Amygdaloid body
expanded region at tail of caudate nucleus
involved in emotions moods, control behavior
putamen and globus pallidus
located between insula and diencephalon
control muscular movement subconsciously
claustrum
thin layer of neurons
processes visual information
diencephalon:
processes and relay centers to integrate the sensory and motor pathways
includes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
epithalamus
Posterior roof of diencephalon.
contains the pineal gland and habenular nuclei
pineal gland
melatonin secreting endocrine gland
habenular nuclei
relay signals from limbic system involved in emotional responses to odors
thalamus
final relay point for integrating, assimilating, and amplifying sensory signals sent to the cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
anteroinferior part of diencephalon
houses control and integrative centers, and oversees endocrine and autonomic nervous system functions
brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
midbrain:
superior portion of the brainstem
contains cerebral peduncles, substantia nigra, tegmentum, tectal plate and nuclei for two cranial nerves
Pons
bulging region in anterior brainstem
involved in sound localization
medulla oblongata
connects the brain to the spinal cord. contains sensory processing centers, autonomic reflex centers and nucli for four cranial nerves.
cerebellum
helps maintain posture and balance,
divides L and R cerebellar hemispheres each with anterior and posterior lobe
vermis
midline between hemispheres
arbor vitae
tree of life
white matter of cerebellum
cerebellar peuncles
thick tracts that connect the cerebellum with different parts of the brainstem.
limbic system:
collaborate to process/experience emotions.
cingulate gyrus
located in longitudinal fissure of cerebral corex, brings events to consciousness
parahippocampal gyrus
long term memory center
hippocampus
essential in storing memories and forming long term memory
amygdaloid body
connects to hippocampus involved in emotion, esp fear
olfactory system
connects odors emotions memories
fornix
thin tract that connects hippocampus with diencephalon
diencephalon
multiple nuclei and mammillary bodies contribute via many connections
