Chap 15

Question 1

complete the sentence: The me is a sort of ________, which can be ________ and ________

Answer 1

OBJECT, which can be OBSERVED and DESCRIBED.

Question 2

the me and the I are two parts of…

Answer 2

The Self

Question 3

Two parts of the self are….

Answer 3

The I and the me.

Question 4

Some philosophers and psychologists call the I the ___________ self

Answer 4

Ontological

Question 5

Some philosophers and psychologists call the me the __________ self

Answer 5

epistemological

Question 6

Define: epistemological self

Answer 6

Knowledge of one’s own personality traits, experiences, and other attributes; also called the “me”

Question 7

Define: Ontological self

Answer 7

The somewhat mysterious inner self of thinking, observation, and experience; also called the “I”

Question 8

Why is the “I” important is personality psychology?

Answer 8

because people differ in their degree of self-awareness

Question 9

What is difficult for psychologists attempting to study the “I”?

What does this mean for “I” versus “Me” research?

Answer 9

a) suggested that the I may not even be accessible to conventional scientific investigation.

b) recent research has much more to say about the me, the part of the self that we and the people who know us can talk about, describe, and put into action.

Question 10

Is more psychological research based on the epistemological self or the Ontological self?

Answer 10

epistemological self

Question 11

The self has four important jobs, list them.

Answer 11

1) self-regulation
2) information-processing filter
3) help us relate to other people
4) identity

Question 12

According theories of the self, what does Identity refer to?

Answer 12

Identity: to remind us of where we fit in. We each hold a unique position in our family, our community, and in the social hierarchy that is part of every civilization.

Question 13

According theories of the self, what does Self-Regulation refer to?

Answer 13

Self Regulation: the ability to restrain impulses and maintain focus on long-term goals.

Question 14

According theories of the self, what does information-processing filter refer to?

Answer 14

information-processing filter: guiding us to
pay attention to and remember the information that really matters to us,
as well as to keep it organized.

Question 15

According theories of the self, how accurate is our information-processing filter?

Answer 15

ex.If we can see ourselves as at least a little bit better than we really are, we can be more confident and effective when dealing with other people

You’re an A++ Student, you’re gunna slay this exam!

Question 16

“life story” is what we tell ourselves, about ourselves. What part of the 4 purposes of Self would this fall under?

Answer 16

Identity.

Question 17

Self-knowledge can be divided into TWO types, both of which serve all
four purposes of self.

List and define them.

Answer 17

1) Declarative knowledge:
consists of the facts and impressions that we consciously know and can describe
i.e. knowledge we declare!

2) Procedural knowledge:
expressed through actions rather than words.

Question 18

Self Esteem falls beneath what kind of Self Knowledge?

Answer 18

Declarative Knowledge

Question 19

Define: Self-Esteem

Answer 19

The degree to which a person thinks he or she is good or bad, worthy or unworthy.

Question 20

Research suggests that low self-esteem—feeling you are bad or unworthy—is correlated with outcomes such as…(5)

Answer 20

dissatisfaction with life, hopelessness, depression, loneliness, and delinquency.

Question 21

the desire to maintain high self-esteem may have evolutionary roots. How does dropping self esteem act as a warning signal?

Answer 21

Your self esteem suffers when you have failed in the eyes of your social group.

This drop in self-esteem may be a warning about possible rejection or even social ostracism—which, for our distant ancestors, could literally be fatal.

Question 22

define: self-enhance

What is the outcome for people who self-enhance too much, interpersonally?

What is the negative affect to behavior?

Answer 22

a) people who think they are better than the other people who know them think they
are i.e. enhance themselves in their view

b) They can run into problems in relations with others, mental health, and
adjustment

c) Overly high self-esteem can lead to behavior that is arrogant, abusive, and
even criminal

Question 23

____________ (disorder) is associated with high self-esteem that is brittle and unstable
because it is unrealistic

Answer 23

Narcissism

Question 24

Gender and Self Esteem: On average, ____ have higher self esteem than _____

is this true for everyone?

Answer 24

a) Gender and Self Esteem: On average, MEN have higher self esteem than WOMEN

b) NO. this gender difference is not apparent in African Americans or immigrants to the United States.

Question 25

gender difference in self-esteem: What are the three historical stages?

*I doubt this will be tested, but in text so here ya go.

Answer 25

First stage: traditional sex discrimination is widespread and accepted without question

Second stage: as a society modernizes and gender barriers begin break down, and social movements toward gender equality begin to appear, women increasingly become aware of their disadvantaged position.

Three stage: This stage, known as PROGRESS, when the move toward gender equality moves forward as people start to
realize that their disadvantages are not personal but societal.

Question 26

define: Self Schema

Answer 26

The cognitive structure hypothesized to contain a person’s self knowledge
and to direct self-relevant thought.

Question 27

The declarative self resides in a cognitive
(mental) structure called the __________.

Answer 27

self-schema

Question 28

The self-schema can be identified using what two types of data?

Describe.

Answer 28

S data: Self report Surveys.

B data: Reaction times. Participants read words such as friendly or responsible on
a computer screen, and then responded by pressing keys labeled “me” or “not me”

Question 29

Being schematic for a personality trait such as sociability, responsibility, or shyness amounts to being an “expert” about
that trait.

what does this mean for memory?

What are the implications to ones self image, then, once they develop a schematic?

Answer 29

a) experts in any domain—chess or mechanical engineering, for example—
easily remember information relevant to their domain of expertise.

b) Your expertise about yourself can help you remember a lot of information about
yourself and process this information quickly, but it also may keep you from
seeing beyond the boundaries of your own self-image.

Question 30

long-term memory (LTM)

What stage is this in information processing?

How much information is stored?

How accessible is this information?

Answer 30

a) Final stage of information processing.

b) nearly unlimited amount of information can be permanently stored in an organized
manner;

c) this information may not always be accessible, however,
depending on how it was stored and how it is looked for,

Question 31

what is another word for permanent memory storage?

Answer 31

Long-term memory

Question 32

The best way to get information into LTM, it
turns out, is not just to repeat it, but to really ________.

This process is called ___________.

Answer 32

a) think about it.

b) Elaboration

(The longer and more complex the processing that a piece of
information receives, the more likely it is to get transferred into LTM)

Question 33

rote repetition: define.

What is it used for?

Is this effective? Explain.

Answer 33

a) Rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition. The method rests on the premise that the recall of repeated material becomes faster the more one repeats it.

b) Studying, comitting to long term memory.

c) Not as effective as Elaboration

Question 34

When is Elaboration especially effective?

Why?

What is this Effect called?

Answer 34

a) A particularly good way to remember something is to think about some
specific way that it relates to one’s self.

b) The reason appears to be that the mental structure of self knowledge, the self-schema, is rich, well developed, and often used, thus easier to access.

c) The self-reference effect

[good tip for studying ;) ]

Question 35

define: The self-reference effect

Answer 35

the tendency to better remember information when they relate to the self.

Question 36

Define: Possible Selves

Answer 36

The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be

Question 37

LONG ONE: studies showed that women, more than men, preferred mates who were older than themselves and had the ability to provide for them. (4)

What was the original interpretation by Buss, then the later interpretation when comparing home makers vs. providers?

what is the implication from the understanding of future selves? Is this a biological tendency?

Answer 37

a) Buss interpreted this result as
indicating that women have evolved to seek mates who can protect and
provide for them and their children, whereas men have different priorities.

b) Women and men were asked to
imagine themselves—a possible future self—as a “married person with
children who is either a homemaker or a provider”.Then
they were asked what kind of mate would be best for them. People of
either gender who imagined themselves as homemakers, compared with
those who imagined themselves as providers, preferred a mate who was
older and could provide for them!

c) This finding implies that the different
mate preferences of women and men might stem, to some degree, from
the selves they expect to be possible in the future.

d) NO this is not a biological tendency

Question 38

People report desiring future selves that fulfill their needs for….

However! But they don’t want their future
selves to change too much. This is due to a desire for…

Answer 38

a) self-esteem, competence, and meaning

b) continuity

Question 39

Define: Self Discrepancy Theory

Answer 39

you have not one but two kinds of
desired selves, and the difference between them and your actual self determines how you feel.

Question 40

Self Discrepancy Theory “ideal self”
Define.

Answer 40

the ideal self: your view of what you could be at your best

Question 41

Self Discrepancy Theory “Ought self”
Define.

Answer 41

ought self: View of what you should—as opposed to what you would like
to—be.

Question 42

Self Discrepancy Theory : To the extent that you fail to attain your ideal self, you become…

Answer 42

depressed

Question 43

Self Discrepancy Theory : To the extent that you fail to attain your ought self, you become…

Answer 43

anxious

Question 44

The ideal self is a ______ based focus.

Answer 44

a) The ideal self is a REWARD based focus

Question 45

Your ought self represents the _____ based focus.

Answer 45

a) Your ought self represents the GOAL based focus

Question 46

what is the root of anxiety, according to Self Discrepancy Theory?

Answer 46

Fear. (not obtaining goal)

Question 47

what is the root of depression, according to Self Discrepancy Theory?

Answer 47

Disappointment. (not obtaining reward)

Question 48

Define: Procedural Self

Answer 48

Patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an individual, “Knowing how”

Question 49

In Procedural knowledge conscious or unconscious?

Describe how one might explain something under procedural knowledge.

Answer 49

a) UNCONSCIOUS.

b) generally cannot, if asked, explain it to anyone else very well. “Here, let me show you.”

Question 50

Give an example of procedural knowledge

Answer 50

riding a bike, ability to read, closing a business deal, how to ask someone on a date, etc.

Question 51

Relational self-schema is an aspect of the ________ self

Answer 51

Procedural self

Question 52

The Relational Self-Schema is based on what, according to Baldwin?

Answer 52

based on past experiences that direct how we relate with each of the important people in our lives

Question 53

Is the self-schema consciously available?

How can it be measured?

Answer 53

a) Yes!

b) Survey

Question 54

How do we measure Implicit Schemas?

Answer 54

IAT (Implicit Association Test)

Question 55

Why can’t we measure Implicit Schemas with surveys?

Answer 55

Because they are unconscious and not readily available consciously to be expressed in surveys.

Question 56

Zeigler-Hill, 2006

In a study of Implict Self Esteem, what four dimensions were measured?

What would the result be for someone with High Self Esteem in thsi study?

Answer 56

a) In a study of implicit self-esteem, the four concepts were “good,” “bad,”
“me,” and “not me.”

b) for someone with high self-esteem, reactions should be easier and quicker in the positively associated words: See
something self-relevant or good, push A—that’s easy. However, See something not self-relevant or bad, that requires one to slow down and think a bit.

Question 57

Further research (with implicit tests) suggests that when one’s implicit self-esteem is lower than one’s declarative self-esteem, this can indicate the kind of fragile self view associated with __________ (disorder)

Answer 57

Narcissism

Question 58

What aspects of shyness are best shown by s-data?

What aspects of shyness are best shown by b-data?

Answer 58

a) what could be controlled (ex. how long the shy participant spoke) best on a survey.

b) more spontaneous indicators of shyness, such as facial expressions and tense body posture, were predicted better by the IAT measure.

Question 59

Interestingly, IAT measures of two of the Big Five traits— a)________ and b)__________—also predicted behavior, and the
predictability from the IAT for these two traits was over and above what
could be achieved from self-report.

c) What is the implication of this?

Answer 59

a) neuroticism
b) extraversion

c) Some aspects of an individual’s neuroticism and even extraversion remain unknown to the conscious mind.

Question 60

Can the procedural self—or selves—be changed?

Explain.

Answer 60

a) Yes! (though it is difficult)

b) Procedural knowledge can be acquired or changed only by doing, specifically through practice and feedback

Question 61

What is the difference between teaching methods that target Declarative
vs Procedural knowledge?

Answer 61

Declarative can be taught by reading or
listening to lectures.

Procedural only through practice and feedback.

Question 62

Do you have one declarative and
procedural self?

Explain. Consider the Working Self Concept.

Answer 62

a) NO! You have many selves

b) The particular subset of selves that is active in working memory and has conscious and unconscious effects on behavior at any given moment depends on where you are and whom you are with.

You may feel and act like a student, a partner, a child to your parent, a parent to your kitty named Pigeon, etc.

(my cat is in fact named Pigeon :3)

Question 63

the continuously changing self is called…

Answer 63

the Working Self Concept

Question 64

You act different when you are
with your parents than when you are with your partner.

This is an example of…

Answer 64

the Working Self Concept

Question 65

One’s different selves might even have competing goals. Give an example

Answer 65

Your present self might want to have
another cookie, skip today’s workout, or knock off studying. But your
future self might be sorry you did these things.

Question 66

What does it mean to have high “future self-continuity”?

What is the outcome of having high future continuity?

Answer 66

a) People who are prone to see their present and future selves as the same person

b) do better in various areas because they
have better self-control as they direct behavior to their long-term goals

Question 67

Another problem with the idea of multiple me’s in a Western context is that…

Answer 67

a unitary and coherent sense of self is traditionally viewed as a representation of good mental health

Question 68

Acting in a way that is in accordance with one’s personality traits is called…

Answer 68

Congruence.