Chap 14 Flashcards
C-shaped band of nerve tract that connects two cerebral hemispheres is;
corpus callosum
process initiate by stimuli acting on sensory receptors;
sensation
conscious awareness of sensations;
perception
3 receptors (based on their location);
- cutaneous receptor (skin=external)
- visceroreceptors (organs=internal)
- proprioceptors (joints, tendons, connective tissue)
direct pathways (pyramidal system);
muscle tone, speed, precision of skill
indirect pathways (extrapyramidal system);
less precise control of motor functions, posture
reticulospinal tract;
- neuron cell bodies are in reticular formation of pons and medulla.
- axons descend in lateral column
- synapse with interneurons, then lower motor neurons in the ventromedial spinal cord central gray matter
- upper and lower limb muscles
brain waves;
electrical activity in the brain
cranial nerves of speech;
- vagus
- hypoglossal
memory processing order;
working memory
short-term memory
long-term memory
voluntary movements of premotor cortex;
- order and strength of specific muscle contraction
- sends organized information to the primary motor cortex
higher density of sensory receptors locate:
face & hands
alpha wave;
awake in a quiet resting state with eyes closed
beta wave;
intense mental activity
theta wave;
adult in frustration / children
delta wave;
in deep sleep / severe brain disorders / infants
roles of motor areas of the brain;
- move head, limbs and trunk
- maintain posture
- verbal and nonverbal communication
transfer/convert short-term memory to long-term memory is called;
consolidation
type of sensory receptors for pain:
nociceptors
activities associated with left hemisphere are;
- math calculation
- production of speech
broca area;
articulation of spoken words
corticospinal;
movement below the head
corticobulbar;
movement of head
rubrospinal;
coordination of movement
vestibulospinal;
posture / balance
tectospinal;
visual / auditory reflexive movement
red nucleus locates;
boundary between diencephalon and midbrain
rubrospinal tract originated in the _______, terminates in the lateral portion of spinal cord________.
red nucleus,
gray matter
proprioceptors respond in;
changes in muscle tension= know where hand is as it moves
tract system that carries sensory info from skin to brain;
anterolateral system
limbic system structure
- hippocampus
- olfactory cortex
- cingulate gyrus
general senses associated with changes in internal organs are;
visceral senses
a person to repeat a word she hears; order =
- primary auditory cortex
- auditory association cortex
- Wernicke area
- Broca area
- premotor cortex
- primary motor cortex
cortical area adjacent to primary sensory area that is important in the process of recognition is;
association area
type of senses utilize chemoreceptors;
smell
taste
limbic system includes;
- olfactory cortex
- cingulate gyrus = satisfaction center
- hippocampus = memory to survive
direct pathways is also called ______, are maintaining muscle tone and skilled movements
pyramidal system
direct pathways = upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex synapse directly with _______ in the brainstem or spinal cord.
lower motor neurons
crossing over of most fibers in the corticospinal tracts occurs in the;
pyramidal decussation of medulla
steps of voluntary movements;
- pre-motor areas of the cerebral cortex initiates stimulation of upper motor neurons
- axons of upper motor neurons stimulate lower motor neurons,which stimulate skeletal muscle to contract
- cerebral cortex interacts with the basal nuclei and cerebellum in planing, coordinating, and executing movements
extrinsic means =
outside (of something)
thalamic neurons carry sensory input such as; pain, pressure, temperature in the;
primary somatic sensory cortex
interpretation of written and spoken language;
Wernicke area
2 major ascending pathways involved in conscious perception of external stimuli are;
- spinothalamic tract (of anterolateral system)
- dorsal-column / medial-lemniscal system
sensory receptors located in the skin are _____ receptors
cutaneous
transmit signals from Wernicke to Broca area;
arcuate fasciculus
