Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Chap 12 and 15 > Flashcards

Chap 12 and 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue cells that contain heparin and histamine

A

Mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cromolyn is a

A

Mast cell stabalizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prophylactic is a

A

treatment for asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chemical mediators that cause inflammation are called

A

leukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

an agent that blocks the inflammatory response in asthma is called an

A

antileukotriene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

IgE

A

is a gamma globulin that is produced by cells in the resp tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alternatives to low dose corticosteroids in step 2 asthma include

A

Cromolyn-like drugs and antileukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in infants and children, cromolyn sodium is an

A

alternative to inhaled corticosteroids in step 2 asthma because of their safety profiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

All the nonsteroidal antiasthma drugs described in this chapter are what and not what and should never be used when

A

Controllers, not relievers, and should never be used during an acute exacerbation of asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe a clinical situation in which the use of a controller medication is indicated

A

Patient is using a rescue B2 agonist more than 2x/week (i.e in step 2 asthma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q 
Controllers or relievers?
Inhaled corticosteroids
Oral corticosteroids
Leukotriene modifiers
cromlyn sodium
Inhaled short-acting adrenergic bronchodilators
A 
R
C
C
C
R
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inhaled corticosteroids

A

Relievers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oral corticosteroids

A

Controllers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Leukotriene modifiers

A

Controllers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cromolyn sodium

A

Controllers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inhaled short acting adrenergic bronchodilators

A

relievers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 compenents of asthma

A

Acute asthma attack, Hyperresponsiveness of airway to various stimule, persistent inflammation thats now appreciated or becomes worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 modes of action of cromolyn sodium

A

antiasthmatic, antiallergic, mast cell stabalizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How lond does cromolyn sodium use before reducing the concomitant therapy of bronchodilator or steroid use

A

2 to 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cromolyn has no bronchodilating action and should not be used during acute bronchospasm T/F

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 antileukotriene agents that have been approved for use

A

Zileuton (zyflo), Montelukast (Singulair), Zafirlukast (Accolate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Indication for Zileuton (Zyflo)

A

Prophylaxis and chronix treatment of asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Zyflo is approved for children ___ years of age and older

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The recommended dosage of Zyflo for asthma is

A

600mg tab QID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Two drugs that Zyflo interacts with are

A

theophyline and warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Accolate has been approved for children aged

A

5 years and older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Accolate inhibits asthma reaction induced by

A

exercise, cold air, allergen, and aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The dose of accolate for children 5-11 is to take an oral ___ mg tab twice daily; and older, an oral ___mg tab to take twice daily is available

A

younger 10mg twice daily, older 20mg tab twice daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Instruct the child to take accolate when

A

1 hour before eating or 2 hours after eating because food reduces mean bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Singular has been approved for ages

A

6 months and older- 5 years (2 or older)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Singulair is available in what forms

A

tablet and granule form and can be taken with or without meals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Singular metabolism is accomplished primarily by the ___ and exreted by the

A

metabolized-liver, exreted-bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In moderate asthma, a combination of what results in greater lung function

A

steroids and antileukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Triggers for which antileukotrienes are particularly useful in controlling asthma

A

Exercise induced asthma, Aspirin Induced asthma, and allergen induced asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Asthma guidelines agree that corticosteroids..

A

are the most effective antiinflammatory drugs for use in asthma, and they have broader antiinflammatory activity than the more limited effect of the antileukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A link appears to exist between resp syncytial virus and asthma. The use of____ blocks these medicatiors in asthma, as well as in RSV infections

A

Montelukast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Briefly describe the mechanism of action of omalizumab (xolair)

A

Reduces the mediators that can be released in an allergic reaction by blocking the binding of IgE to IgE receptors on surfaces of mast cells and basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Xolair is not a replacement for corticosteroids T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Xolair is a prophylactic agent for uncontrolled moderate to severe persistent asthma T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Asthma rescue agens may need to be increased with the use of Xolair T/F

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Exposure to cat asthma attack

A

Extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Airway obstruction that occurs with asthma is the resule of

  1. Bronchoconstriction
  2. Mucosal swelling
  3. Increased secretion prod
  4. Excessive blood flow to the lungs
A
  1. Bronchoconstriction

2. Mucosal swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Release of cytokines during an allergic response does what

A

Endothelial adhesion molecules are upregulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which of the following is a mast cell stabilizer

  1. Cromolyn sodium
  2. Montelukast
  3. Zatirlukast
  4. Omalizumab
A
  1. Cromolyn
  2. Montelukast
  3. Zatirlukast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cromolyn sodium is used to prevent what

A

Excessive accumulation of eosinophils

46
Q

The mechanism of action for Accolate is considered to be which of the following

A

Leukotriene receptor agonist

47
Q

Cromolyn can be used for the treatment of which of the following

a. Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
b. Seasonal rhinitis
c. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)- induced cough
d. Flu like symptoms within 2 days of onset

A

Seasonal rhinitis

48
Q

The ampoule or vial of cromolyn sodium contains 20mg or 2 mL of aqueous solution, which is what percent solution

A

1

49
Q

You have determined extubation is not possible, owing to glottis swelling. The physician asks for your suggestion regarding medication choices, which will be given now to aid in the extubation process, which will happen tomorrow. what would you suggest?

A

MDI albuterol

50
Q

Omalizumab (xolair) can be given to children

A

12 years of age or older

51
Q

For cromolyn sodium, it may take how long for improvements in patients symptoms, allowing a decrease in concomitant therapy, such as bronchodilator or steroid use

A

1 to 3

52
Q

The antileukotriene modifier that is approved for children younger than 5 years of age is

A

Singulair

53
Q

Which of the following should be monitored once per month when taking Zyflo

A

Liver Enzymes

54
Q

Drugs that interact with zyflo and may require dosing adjustment of Zyflo include

A

Beclomethasone and warfarin

55
Q

For treatment of chronic asthma, a combination of what results in greater lung function than when these drugs are taken separately

A

B2 agonist and antileukotriene

56
Q

Concerning exercise induced asthma, which of the following promotes the generation of leukotrienes that result in bronchoconstriction

a. cooling and drying of the airway
b. increased blood flow to the lungs
c. airflow increase irritating goblet cells
d. increased body temp producing excessive mucus production

A

Airflow increase irritating goblet cells

57
Q

Antilekotrienes are particularly useful in controlling asthma resulting from certain triggers, including which of the following

A

Exercise induced asthma, Aspirin induced asthma, allergen induced asthma

58
Q

Which of the following foods does the manuf recommend that montelukast granules be mixed with when given to a child

A

Breast milk and apple sauce

59
Q

Cromolyn prevents the extrusion of granules containing mediators of inflammation to the cell exterior. for this reason cromolyn is referred to as a

A

protease inhibitor

60
Q

Which of the following is a potent vasodilator that can damage cells and contribute to epithelial damage in asthma

A

Neuropeptide

61
Q

Drugs that reduce the effects mediated by histamine, a chemical released by the body during allergic reactions, are called

A

antihistamines

62
Q

The ___ is a nonbacterial infection, characterized by a rapid onset of symptoms that include fever, headache, and fatigue

A

influenza

63
Q

Agents that increase the production and therefore presumably the clearance of mucus secretion in the resp tract, such as guafenesin are called

A

stimulant expectorants

64
Q

A non bacterial respiratory tract infection, characterized by malaise and a runny nose, is called a

A

common cold

65
Q

Agents that facilitate removal of mucus by a lysing or mucolytic action, such as dornase alfa, are called

A

mucolytic expectorants

66
Q

Drugs that suppress the cough reflex, and are useful in the presence of an irritating , persistent, nonproductive cough, are called

A

antitussives

67
Q

URI

A

“common cold” Nonbacterial upper respiratory tract infection.

68
Q

URI usually characterized by

A

a mild general malaise and runny, stuffy nose

69
Q

4 classes of agents used in cold remedies

-Can be used individually or in combinations

A

Sympathomimetics (degongestants), Antihistamines (reduce or dry secretions), Expectorants (increase mucus clearance), antitussives (suppress the cough reflex)

70
Q

Sympathomimetic agents

A

For decongestion

  • Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors (vasoconstriction)
  • Drying agents (mostly nasal congestion)
  • PSEUDOPHEDRINE (SUDAFED)
  • OXYMETAZOLINE (AFRIN)
71
Q

Pseudophedrine (sudafed)

A

SYMPATHOMIMETIC
Regulated closely due to the abuse and production of methamphetamine
-Manufacturers changing to the use of Phenylephrine

72
Q

Antihistamine agents

A

Reduce or dry secretions
-Anti-histamine effect (prevent inflammation)
-Three times of Histamine receptors
H1: receptors are located on nerve endings, smooth muscle, and glandullar cells
H2: Receptors are located in the gastric region
H3: receptors are located primarily in the central nervous system
-NONSELECTIVE (BENADRYL)
PERIPHERALLY SELECTIVE, NON-SEDATING/LONG ACTING (CLARATIN, ALLEGRA, CLARINEX, ZYRTEC)

73
Q

Typical antihistamine in cold medications is

A

an H1 receptor antagonist (blocks parasymp)

  • sedative effect
  • anticholingeric effect
74
Q

Nonselective antihistamine agent

A

benadryl

75
Q

Peripherally selective, non-sedating/ long acting antihistamine agent

A

Claratin, allegra, clarinex, Zyrtec

76
Q

Parasymp causes

A

increase in secretions

77
Q

Expectorants

A

Increase mucus clearance

  • Mucolytic Expectorants
  • Stimulant Expectorants
78
Q

Mucolytic Expectorants

A

agents that facilitate removal of mucus by lysing (thining)

-Mucomyst or dornase alpha

79
Q

Stimulant Expectorants

A

Agents that increase the production of mucus secretions in the respiratory tract, helps mobilize

  • Guaifenesin (Muconex)
  • WATER
80
Q

H1

A

Receptors are located on nerve endings, smooth muscle, and glandular cells (antagonists)

  • Are involved in inflammation and allergic reaction
  • bronchoconstriction
  • nasal congestion and irritation
81
Q

lidocaine

A

takes cough reflex away

82
Q

Parasympathetics and its mother drug

A

Antibromide and actrovent (mother drug-atropine)

83
Q

Antitussives

A

To suppress the cough reflex

  • Act by depressing the cough center in the medulla
  • common agents are codeine, hydrocodone, dextromethorphan
  • They are helpful and indicated to suppress dry, hacking, nonproductive irritating coughs, particularly if loss of sleep is occuring
  • DO NOT suppress the cough reflex in the presence of copious bronchial secretions that need to be cleared
  • Expectorant and antitussive formulas: designed for less frequent and productive house
84
Q

Common antitussive agents

A

codeine, hydrocodone, and dextromethorphan
-they are helpful and indicated to suppress dry, hacking, nonpruductive irritating coughs, particularly if loss of sleep is occuring

85
Q

Expectorant and antitussive formulas

A

designed for less frequent and productive cough

86
Q

Perils from kim

A

A cold is a cold! ya cant kill it. just treat it and pass it on to your loved ones

87
Q

Nonsteroidal antiasthma agents treatment for patients

A

asthma step 2, has no bronchodilating effects.

-Controllers, for prophylactic use only

88
Q

Two types of nonsteroidal antiasthma agents

A

Mast cell stabilizers and anti-leukotrienes

89
Q

Mast cell stabilizers

A

Cromolyn sodium- Intal (brand name), Nasalcrom

  • Small volume neb-use in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor cough
  • Prevents exercise induced asthma 30 min prior to activity
90
Q

Peak onset of Cromolyn sodium (intal)

A

30 minutes

91
Q

Anti-Leukotrienes

A

Zafirlukast (accolate)
Montelukast (singular)
Zileuton (zyflo)
-all oral meds

92
Q

Allergic response of anti-leukotrienes involves

A

mast cells and IgE

93
Q

Cromolyn Sodium, Intal

A

MAST CELL STABILIZER
Anti asthmatic, antiallergic, and mast cell stabilizer
-Blocks the release of chemicals from mast cell degranulation
-most effective on late phase asthma
-effective in 70% of pts
-Need to take for at least 2-4 weeks to determine improvement

94
Q

Cromolyn sodium, intal DOSE

A 
Ampule/ Vial for nebulizer, 20mg/ dose
-----rare MDI, 2mg/dose
Nasal solution, nasal inflammation
Ophthalamic solution, ocular symptoms
Oral solution, Mastocytosis
95
Q

Monitor for how long before changing meds

A

3 months

96
Q

Side effects of cromolyn sodium, intal

A

Nasal congestion, Dermatitis, GI Problems, cough, wheezing, sneezing, itching , nose bleed (Epistaxis)/ burning

97
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nose bleed

98
Q

Antileukotriene

A

Leukotrienes are part of the inflammatory response

  • blocks or inhibits synthesis of leukotrienes
  • Protection against specific asthma triggers-chronic persistent asthma (RSV)
99
Q

Routes or antileukotriene

A

Oral route

100
Q

Types of Antileukotriene

A

Zileuton (zyflo), Zafirlukast (Accolate), Montelukast (Singular)

101
Q

Zileuton, Zyflo

A

Inhibits synthesis

*effects patients theophylline levels ^^ and PTT of pts on warfarin (increase bleeding time)

102
Q

Zafirlukast, Accolate

A

Leukotriene receptor antagonist

-Some bronchodilation effects in given inhaled

103
Q

Montelukast, Singular

A

Leukotriene receptor antagonist

-Approved for children 2 or older

104
Q

Nonsteroidal antiasthma agents are used

A

to control asthma, they are not used in crisis. Most effective if the asthma is from a known trigger (aspirin, cold air, exercise, allergen)

  • Goal: reduce steroidal concentration
  • Platea 7-8 days after start
105
Q

There may be a correlation to antileukotrienes and

A

Churg-Strauss Syndrome, a vasculitis

106
Q

In moderate severe antileukotrienes may be able to

A

Reduce amounts of steroids needed

107
Q

Monoclonal antibodies (Omalizumab)

A

Dosage and administration- mode of action

108
Q

H2

A

Regulate gastric and sectretion

109
Q

H3

A

Receptors are located primarily in the central nervous system
-Autoreceptors for cholinergic neurotransmission in airway

110
Q

Topical application

A

faster onset/ rebound cong

111
Q

Systemic application (alpha 1)

A

Affects deeper: blood vessels

-side effects increase in BP and HR

Pharmacology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions