chap 11 Flashcards
What is the process called by which a single organism can reproduce without the involvement of gametes?
Asexual reproduction
What are the structures that carry genetic information in the form of genes?
Chromosomes
Fill in the blank: Chromatin is made up of DNA and __________.
protein
What phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication?
Interphase
What is the term for the division of the cytoplasm during cell division?
Cytokinesis
What key event occurs during the S phase of interphase?
DNA replication
Multiple choice: Which type of reproduction generally results in greater genetic diversity? A) Asexual B) Sexual
Sexual
What is the structure that holds sister chromatids together?
Centromere
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an organism?
Genotype
Fill in the blank: During prophase, the chromatin condenses into __________.
chromosomes
Multiple choice: In which type of cell division do homologous chromosomes separate? A) Mitosis B) Meiosis
B) Meiosis
Fill in the blank: Chromatin is less tightly packed than __________.
chromosomes
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
What is the main purpose of cytokinesis?
Cytokinesis is the process that divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plate?
Metaphase.
True or False: Prophase is the first stage of mitosis.
True.
What are chromatids?
Chromatids are the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome, connected by a centromere.
What role does the centromere play in cell division?
The centromere is the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis.
Fill in the blank: The _______ are structures that help organize and separate chromosomes during mitosis.
Centrioles.
What happens during anaphase?
During anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell.
What marks the end of mitosis?
Telophase marks the end of mitosis, where the chromosomes begin to de-condense and nuclear envelopes reform.
Which phase follows prophase in mitosis?
Metaphase.
True or False: Cytokinesis occurs simultaneously with telophase.
True.
How many chromosomes are present in each daughter cell after mitosis if the parent cell had 46 chromosomes?
Each daughter cell will have 46 chromosomes.
What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
Spindle fibers help to separate the chromatids and pull them to opposite poles of the cell.
What is the significance of the G2 phase before mitosis?
The G2 phase allows the cell to grow and produce proteins necessary for mitosis.
Fill in the blank: The _______ phase is characterized by the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes.
Prophase.
What occurs during telophase?
During telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles, de-condense, and the nuclear membrane reforms.
What structure forms between the two daughter cells during cytokinesis in animal cells?
A cleavage furrow forms between the two daughter cells.
True or False: Centrioles replicate during the S phase of interphase.
True.
What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?
A chromosome is a single piece of DNA, while a chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome.
What type of cells undergo mitosis?
Somatic cells undergo mitosis.
Which phase is characterized by the chromosomes being lined up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase.
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?
The nuclear envelope breaks down during prophase.
Fill in the blank: The _______ connects the two sister chromatids.
Centromere.
What is the outcome of mitosis?
The outcome of mitosis is two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
In which phase do the sister chromatids become individual chromosomes?
Anaphase.
What is the role of the mitotic spindle?
The mitotic spindle is responsible for separating the chromosomes during mitosis.
