chap 10: interpersonal attraction Flashcards
Which has the better success rate—dating facilitated by a Web site or being set up by family or friends?
a. Web site
b. set up by friends or family
c. The success rates are very similar.
d. Neither. It’s best to meet someone at a bar.
c
Leandro tends to be happy when in relationships with others. However, right now, he’s away from home and the absence of meaningful relationships is leading to
a. being more productive at work.
b. feeling even greater happiness from material objects.
c. feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and alienation.
d. experiencing hallucinations.
c
Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) traced friendship formations among couples in an apartment complex at MIT. They found that residents were most likely to be friends with people
a. similar to them.
b. of the same gender.
c. who lived closer to them.
d. whom their partners befriended first.
c
Which of the following adages most directly contradicts research findings on the propinquity effect?
a. Familiarity breeds contempt.
b. You never get a second chance to make a good first impression.
c. Birds of a feather flock together.
d. Opposites attract.
a
Distance is to ________ as familiarity is to ________.
a. the propinquity effect; opposites attract
b. functional distance; complementary attraction
c. the propinquity effect; the mere exposure effect
d. romantic love; the mere exposure effect
c
If an architect were to capitalize on functional distance, and design an apartment building in which all tenants had an equal chance of taking advantage of the propinquity effect, the building would have which of the following features?
a. a long hallway, with apartments separated by large spaces
b. a U-shaped hallway
c. It would be circular, with elevators, laundry facilities, and mailboxes equidistant from all tenants.
d. It would be in a straight line, with mailboxes at one end and elevators at the other end.
c
The term “functional distance” refers to
a. the role that physical distance plays in the initiation of relationships.
b. distance and exposure to others that follows from certain aspects of architectural design.
c. the preferred distance between people that varies as a function of the quality of their relationship.
d. the level of comfort that people experience, depending on their distance from others.
b
Arlene finds that even though she sat in the opposite corner of the classroom from Ronda during the entire term of their chemistry class, when they bump into each other at a party, she seems to like Ronda more than the strangers around. This is best explained by
a. the mere exposure effect.
b. functional distance.
c. the propinquity effect.
d. similarity.
a
You are strongly attracted to Mario, and you very much want him to like you, too, but you’re afraid that if you open your mouth, he won’t like you. If you’re too nervous to interact with Mario, you can take advantage of the mere exposure effect and
a. “accidentally” brush up against him once when you stand in line to buy coffee.
b. frequent the same coffee shop that he goes to, making sure that he sees you every day.
c. ask a friend to point you out the next time you happen to be in the same coffee shop.
d. expose your worst features first, and your strongest features later.
b
Moreland and Beach (1992) had a confederate attend large university classes for a systematically varied number of class sessions. She attended some classes a few times and other classes many more times. In keeping with the research on the mere exposure effect presented in the text, when unsuspecting students in those classes were later shown photos of the confederate, when would they have liked her best? When she had
a. worn their school colors to all the classes.
b. challenged the professor.
c. attended more classes.
d. attended class only a few times.
c
Amy and Jen are roommates this year. ________ would predict that they are likely to like each other, and ________ can be described as the “fuel” that would create a friendship between them.
a. Propinquity; similarity
b. Complementary interests; similarity
c. Physical attractiveness; propinquity
d. Similarity; propinquity
a
You are very sociable and outgoing; at a holiday party, you approach a quiet young woman standing alone in the corner. To break the ice, you discuss a number of “safe” topics: what the winter will be like, what new television shows are worth watching, and what books you’ve been reading lately. You both see eye-to-eye on a lot. After the conversation, you like the young woman. Based on a large number of social-psychological experiments, why is that so?
a. You are an extrovert, she is an introvert, and opposites attract.
b. We tend to be attracted to people who hold similar attitudes.
c. We tend to like people who agree on minor points, but disagree on major points.
d. Because you agreed on so much, the functional distance between you was low.
b
The greatest amount of research supports the notion of ________ over the notion of ________.
a. complementarity; similarity
b. propinquity; similarity
c. similarity; complementarity
d. mere exposure; similarity
c
When Newcomb (1961) randomly assigned male students at the University of Michigan to be roommates at the start of the school year, he found that ________ and ________ were powerful predictors of who would become friends.
a. demographic similarity; physical attractiveness
b. demographic similarity; attitude similarity
c. attitude similarity; physical attractiveness
d. physical attractiveness; the number of friends in common
b
Based on what the authors of your text present about similarity and liking, who would Russ (a liberal philosophy major) be most likely to become friends with?
a. George, a conservative accounting major
b. Emily, a college Democrat and philosophy major
c. Armand, a registered Independent and biology major
d. Wilamena, an extremely conservative religion major
b
Based on research presented in this chapter, whom is Benjamin going to sit closest to in the library? Benjamin is wearing glasses, a university sweatshirt, and is moderately attractive.
a. Hallie, a very attractive cheerleader dressed in her uniform
b. Wendy, a somewhat attractive sophomore wearing glasses
c. Sienna, a somewhat unattractive art student wearing tie-dyed pants
d. Ava, a very attractive business major in a suit
b
All of the following are true EXCEPT
a. people tend to form relationships with others who are similar to them in terms of opinions and interests.
b. similarity is important only for friendship and companionate love relationships and not for romantic love relationships.
c. similarity and propinquity work together when we select to be in situations where we find others similar to ourselves.
d. similar others are frequently chosen for long-term romantic relationships.
c
Tony is just looking for a romantic fling, nothing serious. If Tony would describe himself as a preppy, conservative Protestant, whom would he be more likely to choose for a short-term, sexual relationship?
a. Linda, the daughter of his minister
b. Brenda, a preppy member of Young Republicans
c. Zelda, who is a New Age artist
d. Paula, who is member at Tony’s yacht club and goes to his church
c
In an experiment, Curtis and Miller (1986) assigned participants at random to have a conversation. One member of each pair was told that the other person liked him or her. Participants provided this information actually behaved in more likable ways, and their partners, too, behaved in pleasant ways. Based on the information presented in the text, which of the following could explain their behavior and reciprocal liking?
a. similarity
b. the self-fulfilling prophecy
c. reciprocity of exchange
d. complementarity
b
A meta-analysis (Montoya, Horton, & Kirchner, 2008) determined that _____ similarity predicted liking and attraction better than _____ similarity.
a. perceived; actual
b. actual; demographic
c. actual; perceived
d. genetic; perceived
a
If you were a student in 1966 at Elaine Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues’ first-year orientation dance, what would most likely influence your desire to date again the person with whom you were paired?
a. the date’s intelligence
b. the date’s self-esteem
c. the date’s physical attractiveness
d. the date’s similarity to you
c
Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies of the importance that men versus women placed on the physical attractiveness of potential partners. According to his findings, there tends to be a larger gender difference (such that men are more influenced by physical attractiveness) when ________ are being measured than when ________ are being measured.
a. behaviors; evaluations
b. attitudes; behaviors
c. evaluations; attitudes
d. attitudes; evaluations
b
Men and women both view physical attractiveness as the most desirable characteristic in potential
a. friends.
b. sexual partners.
c. coworkers.
d. long-term relationship partners
b
According to research conducted by Cunningham and his colleagues (1986), there is overlap in what men and women find attractive in the opposite sex. For example, both men and women find ________ attractive in members of the opposite sex.
a. large eyes and prominent cheekbones
b. small noses and chins
c. narrow hips and flat stomachs
d. high foreheads and thick, glossy hair
a
When researchers reviewed the literature on standards of beauty across cultures, they found that the attractiveness ratings among participants of all different races and ethnicities ranged from .66 to .93. These relatively large positive correlations suggest that
a. standards of beauty differ significantly across cultures.
b. standards of beauty are similar within cultures, but not across cultures.
c. cultural values determine what is attractive.
d. regardless of culture or background, people can agree on what is attractive.
d
When researchers suggest that people tend to prefer an “average” face as being most physically attractive, they mean that people prefer
a. the face of a regular-looking person.
b. the face based on mathematically averaged composites.
c. the most common face in a culture.
d. someone who is a “5” on attractiveness on a 1 to 10 scale.
b
All of the following are true EXCEPT that
a. there is general agreement across cultures on what constitutes an attractive face.
b. infants tend to prefer the same faces that adults do.
c. averaged faces (e.g., computer-generated composites) are the most highly attractive faces.
d. large eyes, prominent cheekbones, and big noses are attractive features in both sexes.
d
Recall that Perrett et al. (1994) created two kinds of composite faces, an “average attractive” composite and a “highly attractive” composite, using photographs of Caucasian and Japanese men and women. They then asked participants in Great Britain and Japan to rate these faces. They found all of the following EXCEPT that
a. the highly attractive composites were rated as significantly more attractive than the average attractive composites.
b. Japanese and British participants differed in their assessments, with people preferring faces from their own ethnicity.
c. the highly attractive faces were more extreme in the features that are generally considered attractive (e.g., if high cheekbones in general are attractive, then highly attractive faces have higher cheekbones).
d. the features that were considered attractive were similar to the features found to be attractive by other researchers.
b
What do propinquity, similarity, and reciprocal liking have in common?
a. people’s preference for the familiar
b. similar cultural values and standards
c. differing demands of each sex
d. use of the self-fulfilling prophecy
a
Evolutionarily speaking, one reason that people prefer the familiar over that which is unfamiliar is that
a. unfamiliar things can be potentially dangerous.
b. familiar things are always good.
c. unfamiliar things require more cognitive effort to process.
d. familiar things tend to fall into our schemas and stereotypes.
a
If you were hiring someone to work as a receptionist for your office, who would you hire and why?
a. Jim, who is incredibly efficient and bright, because he will be able to operate the multi-line phone system
b. Kurt, who is quite attractive, because he is likely to have the best social skills when greeting difficult clients
c. Leland, who is quite attractive, because attractive people are often more intelligent
d. Mark, who is unattractive, because his appearance won’t distract clients from buying your product
b
Brian does not know anything about Sally except that she is very attractive. Based on research presented in the text, Brian is MOST likely to make the attribution that Sally is
a. intelligent and honest.
b. empathetic and caring.
c. dominant and successful in her career.
d. sociable and extroverted.
d
Researchers (Wheeler & Kim, 1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions. They found that ________ students were likely to associate attractiveness with ________.
a. Korean; personal strength
b. all; concern for others
c. North American; integrity
d. all; friendliness
d
Michelle is online looking for a date to an upcoming event. She notices one very attractive individual who has posted interest in attending the event as well. She thinks he is likely to be very sociable, but her roommate who is from Korea thinks he will also be a good match because he will be
a. generous.
b. very smart.
c. strong.
d. assertive.
a
Studies of the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype support all of the following EXCEPT that the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype
a. is found across different cultures.
b. affects judgments about peoples’ morality.
c. has a “kernel of truth” in that beautiful people may indeed be more socially competent.
d. differs somewhat across cultures in a way consistent with the culture’s individualistic or collectivist values.
b
Jeremy is about to go on a blind date set up by his friend Justin. Justin gave Jeremy a picture of Carol, his potential date, and she is very attractive. Jeremy is about to call Carol to make arrangements for the date and to get to know her a little better. Which of the following is most likely to occur, according to the experiment by Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) regarding attractiveness and the self-fulfilling prophecy?
a. Jeremy will like Carol after talking to her, but only if she is attractive in reality.
b. If Carol doesn’t think she’s attractive, she will withdraw throughout the phone conversation despite Jeremy’s friendliness.
c. No matter what Carol really looks like, she will be judged as more attractive and confident by a third person listening in on the party line.
d. No matter what Carol really looks like, Jeremy will like her, but a third party listening in on the party line will judge her according to how she really looks.
c
Researchers provided men with photographs of either attractive women or unattractive women and told the men that their conversation partner was the woman in the photograph. They found that men who believed they were talking with an attractive woman ________ than did men who thought they were talking with an unattractive woman.
a. talked less
b. behaved in a warmer way
c. were more nervous
d. were more confident
b
Andersen and Bem (1981) conducted a variation of the getting-acquainted telephone study by Snyder, Elizabeth Tanke, and Berscheid (1977). Andersen and Bem provided attractive and unattractive photos of men to women who interacted with men at the other end of a telephone. What would you expect happened when the women thought that the men with whom they were speaking were the men in the photos?
a. The female participants did not fall prey to the self-fulfilling prophecy as did men in previous studies.
b. The results were similar to studies in which men were provided the photos.
c. The men on the other end did not change their behaviors in response to the women’s differential treatment.
d. Because the men controlled the conversations, the self-fulfilling prophecy did not occur.
b
