chap 10

Question 1

Who was Charlemagne?

Answer 1

King of the Franks, crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 CE, united much of Western Europe.

Question 2

What were duchies?

Answer 2

Territories ruled by dukes, part of the political structure of the early Middle Ages.

Question 3

What role did monasteries play?

Answer 3

Religious centers for prayer, education, and manuscript preservation.

Question 4

Who was Pope Leo III?

Answer 4

The pope who crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor in 800

Question 5

Who was Otto the Great?

Answer 5

German king crowned emperor in 962 CE, strengthened ties with the church.

Question 6

Who were the Vikings?

Answer 6

Norse seafarers who raided and settled parts of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries.

Question 7

What does it mean the Vikings assimilated?

Answer 7

They adopted local cultures and settled in areas like Normandy and Russia.

Question 8

Who was Leif Eriksson?

Answer 8

Viking explorer believed to have reached North America around 1000 CE.

Question 9

What was the Kievan Rus?

Answer 9

A federation of Slavic tribes under Viking rule, precursor to modern Russia.

Question 10

Who was William the Conqueror?

Answer 10

Duke of Normandy who conquered England in 1066.

Question 11

What was the conflict between William and Harold?

Answer 11

Battle of Hastings, where William defeated Harold to claim the English crown.

Question 12

What was the Great Schism?

Answer 12

Split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches in 1054.

Question 13

What is excommunication?

Answer 13

Banishment from the church and its sacraments.

Question 14

What was manorialism?

Answer 14

Economic system where lords owned land and peasants worked it.

Question 15

Who were serfs?

Answer 15

Peasants bound to the land they worked on.

Question 16

Who were knights and vassals?

Answer 16

Warriors who served lords in exchange for land (vassals pledged loyalty to lords).

Question 17

What was feudalism?

Answer 17

Political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals.

Question 18

What is commerce?

Answer 18

Trade, which grew during the Commercial Revolution.

Question 19

What is a guild?

Answer 19

Association of craftsmen or merchants that set bussiness standards

Question 20

What is capital?

Answer 20

Money for investment, essential to the growing economy.

Question 21

What was the Commercial Revolution?

Answer 21

Period of economic growth and trade expansion in medieval Europe due to growth of trade, money, and international banks

Question 22

Who were the clergy?

Answer 22

Church officials including priests, bishops, and the pope.

Question 23

What is a cathedral?

Answer 23

Large church headed by a bishop.

Question 24

Who was Anselm of Canterbury?

Answer 24

Benedict monk who emphasized reason and faith.

Question 25

Who was Bernard of Clairvaux?

Answer 25

Mystic who was major leader in the reform of the Benedictines through the nascent Cistercian Order.

Question 26

Who was Hildegard of Bingen?

Answer 26

German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner

Question 27

Who was Thomas Aquinas?

Answer 27

Scholar who blended reason with Christian theology.

Question 28

What is vernacular writing?

Answer 28

Writing in the everyday language of the people.

Question 29

What are the Canterbury Tales?

Answer 29

Stories by Geoffrey Chaucer written in English vernacular.

Question 30

What is Gothic architecture?

Answer 30

Style known for tall buildings, stained glass, and pointed arches.

Question 31

What is the Notre Dame Cathedral?

Answer 31

Iconic example of Gothic architecture in Paris.

Question 32

What was the Magna Carta?

Answer 32

1215 document limiting the power of the king and granting rights.

Question 33

What is habeas corpus?

Answer 33

Legal principle that a person can't be jailed without trial.

Question 34

What is Parliament?

Answer 34

England’s legislative body, gaining power in the Middle Ages.

Question 35

What is a tithe?

Answer 35

10% income tax paid to the Church.

Question 36

Who are the laity?

Answer 36

Non-clergy members of the Church.

Question 37

What does secular mean?

Answer 37

Non-religious, worldly matters.

Question 38

What is doctrine?

Answer 38

Official Church teachings.

Question 39

Who was Francis of Assisi?

Answer 39

Founder of the Franciscan order, focused on poverty and humility.

Question 40

What was lay investiture?

Answer 40

Practice where secular rulers appointed church officials.

Question 41

Who were Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV?

Answer 41

Clashed over lay investiture; Gregory excommunicated Henry.

Question 42

What were the Crusades?

Answer 42

Religious wars to reclaim the Holy Land.

Question 43

What was the People's Crusade?

Answer 43

A poorly organized movement led by Peter the Hermit before the 1st Crusade.

Question 44

Who called for the 1st Crusade?

Answer 44

Pope Urban II.

Question 45

Who was Alexius Comnenus?

Answer 45

Byzantine emperor who requested help against the Turks.

Question 46

Who was Godfrey of Bouillon?

Answer 46

Leader of the First Crusade, ruled Jerusalem.

Question 47

Who was Anna Comnena?

Answer 47

Byzantine princess and historian of the Crusades.

Question 48

Who was Saladin?

Answer 48

Egyptian leader who retook Jerusalem.

Question 49

Crusades dates and outcomes

Answer 49

first crusade: 1095, capture of Jerusalem second crusade: 1147, tried to save Edessa, failed, tried to take a Damascus fail. third crusade: 1189, Richard lionhearted and Saladin made a peace treaty fourth crusade: tried to get extra money by helping new prince into throne, no pay, sack Constantinople. Og goal was to get Jerusalem and Egypt in 1202 called by Pope Innocent

Question 50

Four crusade states around Jerusalem

Answer 50

Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem

Question 51

Who was Richard the Lionheart?

Answer 51

English king who led the 3rd Crusade against Saladin.

Question 52

What was the Reconquista?

Answer 52

Christian reconquest of Spain from Muslim rule.

Question 53

What was the Inquisition?

Answer 53

Church court to root out heresy.

Question 54

Who were heretics?

Answer 54

People with beliefs contrary to Church doctrine.

Question 55

Who were the Moors?

Answer 55

Muslims who ruled parts of Spain.

Question 56

Who were the Cathars?

Answer 56

Christian heretical group targeted by the Inquisition.

Question 57

Who were Isabella and Ferdinand?

Answer 57

Monarchs who completed the Reconquista and initiated the Spanish Inquisition.

Question 58

Cistercian order

Answer 58

All monasteries had own abbot. Result of cluny and the thousand monasteries

Question 59

Francis of Assisi

Answer 59

Founded the begging order Franciscans