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Media & Culture > Chap. 1& Chap. 15 > Flashcards

Chap. 1& Chap. 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mass Media

A

The industries that produce and distribute media and cultural products to a large number of people

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2
Q

Communication

A

The creation and use of symbol systems that convey into and meaning. Lights, clothing, signs and pictures.

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3
Q

Culture

A

The forms and systems of expressions that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life, communicate with other people and articulate their values.

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4
Q

What eras fueled mass communication?

A

Print and Electronic eras

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5
Q

What is mass personal communication?

A

A type of communication to point out ways in which we communicate that mix and match aspects of mass and interpersonal communication,

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6
Q

Who dominate the oral era?

A

Elders, poets, teachers, and storytellers

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7
Q

Did it take long for manuscripts/written era to overshadow oral customs?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What happens everytime new communication tech or communication eras happen and unsettle norms and authority?

A

Moral panics

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9
Q

Affordances

A

The features or capabilities of a technology that helps establish how we use it

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10
Q

When did forms of printing first develop?

A

In China 1045

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11
Q

What was one of the first mass marketed products?

A

Books

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12
Q

What era increased literacy rates?

A

The print era

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13
Q

Since the written era increased individualism, what else did it increase?

A

Government resistance in business affairs and entrepreneurship

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14
Q

What helped establish a mass nation?

A

Electronic era media

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15
Q

Mass Nation

A

A society in which a large percentage of the population of diverse population participate in the same trends, media tech, etc.

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16
Q

Consensus narratives

A

Stories that reflect certain values and assumptions about what the world is and should be like

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17
Q

What are the roots in digital communication

A

The transistor 1940’s

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18
Q

Are we still in a mass nation?

A

No, we are in a NICHE NATION

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19
Q

What are the methods of cultural studies?

A

Textual analysis, audience studies/analysis, and political economy studies

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20
Q

What does cultural studies focus on and interested in?

A

Focuses on media texts and interested in media audience/users

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21
Q

What is participatory culture?

A

A culture in which it’s relatively easy for people to create a share their own content and build connections with others, that often reflect, and deep in the dynamics of a niche nation.

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22
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

It’s when there’s far more media continent to choose from in the continent is tailored and marketed to very specific taste

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23
Q

Since our nation is so fragmented, what happens?

A

Create your own media experiences that integrators into mainstream culture. It reinforces the niche nation. 

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24
Q

What is the word media rooted in in Latin?

A

Medium. Which also means the middle, which is between the speaker in the audience. 

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25
Q

What is the most familiar roll a person can play?

A

A media consumer 

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26
Q

What does the linear model of mass communication allow?

A

Feedback to senders and/or gate keepers 

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27
Q

What are the five elements of the cultural studies approach?

A

Media text, technologies, industries, users, and the cultural context within which the other four are embedded 

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28
Q

What is technological determinism?

A

A theory that sees tech as an independent force that appears out of nowhere and changes everything 

29
Q

What does media representation contribute to?

A

It contributes to the distribution of power, status, resources, and visibility in a culture.

30
Q

Why is it important to interrogate the nature of media representations in the terms of fairness and equality? 

A

Because the media representation has political consequences

31
Q

What can reflect and reinforce dominant values and attitudes in a society? 

A

The stories that circulate and the representation within them 

32
Q

What type of people does the modern era involve

A

It involves experts, like scientist and inventor’s, that you stick to make life better for people

33
Q

Who did the modern era benefit? And who did it not benefit?

A

The modern era benefited elites and experts. It did not benefit the uneducated mass and people whose culture was considered “bad”

34
Q

What are good and bad culture elements of

A

Class politics

35
Q

What was the new normal by the end of the 20th century

A

Scientific advances and progress. 

36
Q

What was the main idea of the post modern era? Or describe the post modern era 

A

The main idea of the post modern era was anti-elitism. People became skeptical of expertise and the idea of progress. 

37
Q

What is populism?

A

It’s a political approach that pits ordinary people against elites. It mostly came about in the post. Modern era. 

38
Q

What does cultural studies emerge as a result of

A

Call Joel studies emerged as a critique of the media effects research.

39
Q

What was one of the first questions of media affects research

A

One of the first questions asked about the connection between aggressive behavior and violence in the media 

40
Q

What is the name of the book and who wrote the book that is considered they found the book of media studies?

A

Walter Lippmann‘s “Liberty and the news” and “ public opinion”  are considered the founding books of media studies. 

41
Q

What are the four trends that contributed to the rise of media affects research?

A

Propaganda analysis, public opinion research, social psychologyistudies, and marketing research.

42
Q

During world war, one what did the government routinely rely on? 

A

Propaganda divisions 

43
Q

When did public opinion research become influential?

A

During political elections 

44
Q

During what type of research did journalism become increasingly dependent on polls 

A

During public opinion research 

45
Q

What was the most influential social psychology study?

A

The pain fund studies. Which was 13 research projects which linked regular movie attendance to juvenile delinquency, promiscuity, and antisocial behavior. It was used by politicians to attack the media industry, and this study became the model from media effects research. 

46
Q

When did marketing research develop? 

A

When advertisers and product companies begin conducting surveys on consumers buying habits in the 1920s 

47
Q

What led to the first rating system?

A

Emergence of commercial radio

48
Q

What are the major approaches in the media affects research, early theories

A

The hypotnylhermic meet tomorrow, the minimal fixed model, and the uses and gratification model 

49
Q

What is the concept of the early media effects theory hypodermic needle model?

A

That powerful media affects weak audiences. Intellectuals or fearful of the influence and popularity of radio and film in the 30s and 40s especially after enduring world war two with Germany in Nazism

50
Q

What was something that happened that can be used as a hypodermic needle model, but was proved incorrect or unjust

A

When Hadley Cantrill studied and disapprove the hypodermic needle model by writing a book about the radio broadcast war of the worlds. He found out that people only believed it because they most likely Mr. disclaimer at the beginning, or they were just reacting to the collective panic of others, so it was not gullible belief.

51
Q

What does the minimal effects model suggest?

A

It suggests that media alone can’t change attitudes and behaviors. That people engage in selective exposure and retention to the media they’re familiar with and hold the same values and morals.

52
Q

What does the early media effects theory uses and gratifications model study?

A

It studies the way people use media to satisfy emotional and intellectual needs.

53
Q

What 2 methods and one completing method used in media effects research? The early versions?

A

Experiments and survey research

54
Q

How can survey research be conducted?

A

Through direct mail, personal interviews, calls, email, and websites.

55
Q

What are the downfalls of early media effects experiments?

A

They’re not generalizable to a larger population, they’re usually only performed on college students, and not good at predicting long term effects.

56
Q

What was the most influential study for content analysis?

A

Study by George Gerbner at UPenn which showed that chronic TV watchers tend to overestimate violences in the real world.

57
Q

What are the four step processes for social learning theory?

A
  1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor reproduction 4. Motivation
58
Q

What does the cultivation effect focus on?

A

Focuses on how media influences the way we feel/behave and also how media affects the way we perceive reality

59
Q

What are two reasons why someone might NOT fall into a spiral of silence?

A

They don’t constantly monitor the media and they may believe their view is in the majority when it’s actually not

60
Q

What school criticized media effects research?

A

The Frankfurt School

61
Q

What does textual analysis look at?

A

Rituals, narratives, and meaning

62
Q

What are the major analytical approaches in cultural studies research?

A

Textual analysis, audience studies, and political economy studies

63
Q

What is a type of textual analysis?

A

Framing research. Which looks at recurring media strong structures.

64
Q

When did textual analysis become significant?

A

In 1974 with Newcom’s “TV: the most popular art “ a book to analyze tv shows.

65
Q

What studies helped define culture in broad terms?

A

Audience studies

66
Q

When does political economy studies work best?

A

When combined with audience studies and textual analysis

67
Q

If we didn’t have an open communication system what would happen?

A

There would be no democratically functioning societies

68
Q

What is the name of the man trying to change copyright laws so that non commercial amateur culture can flourish on the internet

A

Lawrence Lessig

Media & Culture (2 decks)

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