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Biology > Chap 1: Cell Structure and Organization > Flashcards

Chap 1: Cell Structure and Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the building blocks of life and the simplest structural and functional units of life.

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2
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

Protoplasm is the living material within a cell where many chemical activities take place for the cell to survive and grow.

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3
Q

What are the components of protoplasm?

A

The components of protoplasm are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane is a partially permeable membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

The cell wall, found only in plant cells, is a fully permeable membrane that encloses the entire cell and provides protection and shape.

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6
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that fills the inside of the cell and is the site of most cell activities. It contains organelles.

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus contains genetic information, controls cell activities such as growth and repair, and is essential for cell division.

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8
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

The RER is involved in protein synthesis and transport of proteins, and it appears rough due to ribosomes attached to its outer surface.

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9
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are small round structures involved in protein synthesis. They are attached to the RER membrane for proteins to be transported out of the cell or can be free in the cytoplasm for proteins used within the cell.

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10
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

The SER synthesizes substances such as fats and steroids, and it plays a role in detoxification by converting harmful substances into harmless ones.

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11
Q

What is the Golgi body?

A

The Golgi body chemically modifies substances made by the ER, stores and packages these substances in vesicles for secretion out of the cell.

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12
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Vesicles transport substances within a cell and are involved in the process of how substances made by the ER are transported out of the cell.

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13
Q

How are substances made by the ER transported out of the cell?

A

Process of how substances made by ER are transported out of cell:

  1. Vesicles are pinched off from ER
  2. They then fuse with the Golgi body. These substances are then chemically modified
  3. Secretory vesicles containing these modified substances then pinch off from the Golgi body
  4. These vesicles move to the cell membrane and fuses with the cell membrane and their contents are released
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14
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell where aerobic respiration occurs, breaking down food substances to release energy used by the cell for various activities.

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15
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts, found only in plant cells, contain chlorophyll and absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

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16
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

The vacuole is a partially permeable membrane that stores substances within the cell.
Plant cells have a large central vacuole containing cell sap, while animal cells have many small temporary vacuoles containing water and food substances.
The vacuole in plant cells contains cell sap, which includes dissolved substances like sugars, mineral salts, and amino acids.

17
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Differentiation is the process when cells become specialized for specific functions.

18
Q

What are the characteristics of red blood cells?

A
  1. Contains hemoglobin which binds oxygen and transports it around the body.
  2. Circular biconcave shape to increase surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient diffusion.
  3. Lacks a nucleus to store more hemoglobin.
  4. Flexible and can easily squeeze through capillaries.
19
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle cells?

A
  1. Elongated and cylindrical shape.
  2. Contains many nuclei and mitochondria for
  3. increased energy production.
  4. Energy released by mitochondria is used for muscle cell contraction.
20
Q

What are the characteristics of root hair cells?

A

Long and narrow root hair to increase surface area-to-volume ratio for higher absorption of water and mineral salts.

Biology (4 decks)

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