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HEENT > Chap 1 A&P > Flashcards

Chap 1 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal enviroment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

A

Special senses

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3
Q

Two categories of general senses

A

Somatic

Visceral

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4
Q

Senses that include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations

A

Somatic senses

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5
Q

Senses that provide sensations from internal organs

A

Visceral senses

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6
Q

Four conditions that must be satisfied for a sensation to occur

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Sensory receptor converts stimulus to an electrical signal
  3. Nerve pathway conducts it to the brain
  4. Brain translates the nerve impulse into a sensation
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7
Q

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

A

Perception

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8
Q

Perceptions are primarily a function of which part of the brain?

A

Cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Decrease in the strength of a sensation during prolonged exposure to a stimulus

A

Adaption

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10
Q

Detect mechanical deformation of adjacent cells

A

Mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

Detect changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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12
Q

Detect Pain

A

Nociceptors

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13
Q

Detect light

A

Photoreceptors

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14
Q

Detect the presence of chemicals in solution

A

Chemoreceptors

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15
Q

Detect the osmotic pressure of fluids

A

Osmoreceptors

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16
Q

Sensations arise from stimulation of sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and joints

A

Somatic sensations

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17
Q

How are sensory receptors for somatic sensations distributed over the body?

A

Widely and unevenly

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18
Q

Touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle

A

Tactile

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19
Q

Most tactile sensation receptors are located in the:

A

Skin and subcutaneous tissue

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20
Q

Warm, cold

A

Thermal

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21
Q

Thermal receptors are located in the:

A

Epidermis and dermis

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22
Q

Pain receptors are located in virtually all tissues of the body, except for?

A

The brain

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23
Q

What detects most tactile sensations?

A

Mechanoreceptors (superficial and deep dermal layers)

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24
Q

What temperatures activates cold receptors located in the epidermis?

A

10-40C (50-105F)

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25
Q

What temperatures activate warm receptors in the dermis?

A

32-48C (90-118F)

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26
Q

Temperatures below 10C (50F) and above 48C (118F) stimulates what receptors?

A

Nociceptors (Pain)

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27
Q

Nociceptors respond to:

A

Extreme temperatures

Inadequate blood flow to an organ

Excessive stretching of an organ

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28
Q

What type of pain is acute, sharp, pricking pain?

A

Fast (localized pain)

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29
Q

What type of pain is chronic, aching, burning, or throbbing?

A

Slow pain

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30
Q

Proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles

A

Muscle spindles

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31
Q

Proprioceptors in the tendons

A

Tendon organs

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32
Q

Proprioceptors around the synovial joints

A

Joint kinesthetic receptors

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33
Q

Proprioceptors of the inner ears

A

Hair cells

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34
Q

Kinesthetic sense or the perception of body movements

A

Proprioception

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35
Q

What allows us to estimate the weight of objects and determine the muscular effort needed to perform a task?

A

Proprioceptive sensations

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36
Q

Sense of smell

A

Olfaction

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37
Q

What type of sense is smell?

A

Chemical (based on changing of the environment)

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38
Q

How many receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium?

A

10-100 million

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39
Q

Where is the nasal epithelium in conjunction with the cribriform plate?

A

Inferior surface

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40
Q

Three types of cells in the olfactory epithelium

A

Receptor cells

Supporting cells

Basal cells

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41
Q

In order to be smelled, substances must be:

A

Dissolved

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42
Q

What serves has a solvent for the inhaled odorants?

A

Mucus secreted by the olfactory glands

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43
Q

Adaption to odors occurs quickly, and the threshold of smell is:

A

Low

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44
Q

Olfactory tract will project to which locations of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex (frontal & temporal lobe)

2. Limbic system (emotional response to odors)

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45
Q

Sense of taste

A

Gustation

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46
Q

Five primary tastes

A

Salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami

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47
Q

Gustatory receptor cells are located mainly in:

A

Taste buds on the surface of the tongue

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48
Q

Taste buds are found in raised bumps on the tongue called:

A

Fungiform papillae

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49
Q

Each taste bud is an oval body, consisting of three kinds of epithelial cells

A

Supporting cells

Gustatory receptor cells

Basal cells

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50
Q

To be tasted, substances must be:

A

Dissolved

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51
Q

Once dissolved tastants enter taste pores and make contact with:

A

Gustatory hairs

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52
Q

Adaption to taste occurs quickly and the threshold for taste:

A

Varies for each of the primary tastes

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53
Q

Carries taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

CN VII (Facial)

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54
Q

Carries taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

55
Q

Carries taste information from taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat

A

CN X (Vagus)

56
Q

Primary gustatory area of the brain

A

Parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

57
Q

Emotions related to food are sent to which parts of the brain

A

Limbic system

Hypothalamus

58
Q

Tears flow from lacrimal gland through:

A

Lacrimal Ducts

59
Q

Tears drain from the surface of the eye through canaliculi and then to:

A

Nasolacrimal Duct

60
Q

Six extrinsic muscles work together to move the eyeball:

A
  1. Superiour rectus
  2. Inferior rectus
  3. Lateral rectus
  4. Medial rectus
  5. Superior oblique
  6. Inferior oblique
61
Q

Two regions of the fibrous tunic

A

Posterior sclera

Anterior cornea

62
Q

Nonvascular, transparent, fibrous coat that covers the eyes.
Bends light rays to help focus them on the retina.

A

Cornea

63
Q

White of the eye, comprised of dense connective tissue

A

Sclera

64
Q

Provides shape and affords protection to the inner parts of the eye

Posterior aspect is pierced by the optic nerve (CN II)

A

Sclera

65
Q

Vascular tunic (middle layer) is composed of what three portions?

A

Choroid

Ciliary body

Iris

66
Q

This membrane that lines most of the internal surface of the sclera. It contains blood vessels that nourishes the retina, and contains pigment melanin that absorbs stray light rays

A

Choroid

67
Q

Consists of folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body whose capillaries secrete aqueous humor

A

Ciliary processes

68
Q

Smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens for near and far vision (accommodation)

A

Ciliary muscle

69
Q

Circular colored portion seen through the cornea

A

Iris

70
Q

Part of the eye that functions to regulate the amount of light that passes through the lens into the posterior cavity of the eye. The lens focuses light rays onto the retina.

A

Iris

71
Q

Inner layer of the eye, lies in the posterior three-quarters and functions in image formation

A

Retina

72
Q

Three zones of the neural layer of the retina

A

Photoreceptor layer

Bipolar cell layer

Ganglion cell layer

73
Q

Allow us to see shades of gray in dim light

A

Rods

74
Q

Instrumental in color vision and visual acuity (color vision in bright light)

A

Cones

75
Q

Area of the sharpest vision because of the high concentration of cones

A

Fovea centralis

76
Q

What helps absorb stray light rays?

A

Melanin in the pigmented layer of the retina

Choroid

77
Q

How do nerve impulses travel from photoceptors?

A 
Outer synaptic layer
to 
Bipolar cells
through 
The inner synaptic layer
to
Ganglion cells
and
Exit the optic nerve
78
Q

The eye’s interior is divided into the anterior cavity and the vitreous chamber by the:

A

Lens

79
Q

Transparent structure that focuses light rays on to the retina constructed of many layers of elastic protein fibers

A

Lens

80
Q

What fibers attach the lens to the ciliary muscle to keep the lens in place?

A

Zonular

81
Q

Anterior cavity (anterior of the lens) of the eye is filled with what watery substance?

A

Aqueous humor

82
Q

Aqueous humor is continuously produced by:

A

Ciliary process

83
Q

Nourishes the lens and the cornea, helps maintain the shape of the eye

A

Aqueous humor

84
Q

Larger of the eye cavities and lies between the retina and the lens

A

Vitreous chamber

85
Q

Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) is produced by:

A

Aqueous humor (mainly)

Vitreous body

86
Q

Maintains the shape of the eyeball

A

IOP

87
Q

Normal IOP

A

16 mmHg

88
Q

Formation of an image on the retina, stimulation of photoreceptors, and visual pathway to the brain

A

Processes in the physiology of vision

89
Q

Bending of light rays where two different substances meet

A

Refraction

90
Q

Refraction media are the:

A

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous body

91
Q

What carries out 75% of refraction?

A

Cornea

92
Q

Refraction abnormalities can result in:

A

Myopia

Hyperopia

Astigmatism

93
Q

Ability of the lens to instantly change its curvature for near or far vision

A

Accommodation

94
Q

What does the ciliary muscle do in order to view objects that are near?

A

Contracts

95
Q

What does the ciliary muscle do to view objects that are far?

A

Relaxes

96
Q

Medial movement of both eyeballs so that they are directed on the object being viewed.

A

Convergence

97
Q

What allows for binocular vision?

A

Convergence

98
Q

Where does visual stimulation begin?

A

Absorption of light rays by the rods and cones of the retina

99
Q

Rods contain what photopigment?

A

Rhodopsin

100
Q

What vitamin deficiency decreases rhodopsin production and leads to night blindness?

A

Vitamin A

101
Q

Cones contain how many different opsins?

A

Three

102
Q

Colorblindness is from what color cones missing?

A

Red or green

103
Q

Impulses from ganglion cells are conveyed along axons through the retina to the optic nerve, then to:

A

Optic chiasm, optic tract, and the cerebral cortex

104
Q

What percentage of neurons cross the optic chiasm and reach the opposite of the brain?

A

50%

105
Q

Sight is perceived in what location of the brain?

A

Occipital lobe

106
Q

Which side of the brain receives images from the left side of objects seen by each eye?

A

Right

107
Q

Three anatomical subdivisions of the ear

A

External, Middle, Internal

108
Q

Part of the ear designed to direct sound waves

A

External ear

109
Q

External ear is comprised of:

A

Auricle

External auditory canal

Tympanic membrane

110
Q

Small, air-filled cavity between the eardrum and the internal ear

A

Middle ear

111
Q

Three tiny bones called the auditory ossicles

A

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

112
Q

Part of the ear where all the receptors for hearing and equilibrium are housed.

A

Internal ear

113
Q

Two regions of the internal ear

A

Outer bony labyrinth

Inner membranous labyrinth

114
Q

Part of the temporal bone and is divided into the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals and contains a fluid called perilymph, which surrounds the membranous labyrinth

A

Bony Labyrinth

115
Q

Series of sacs and tubes in the same general shape as the bony labyrinth and contains a fluid called endolymph

A

Membranous labyrinth

116
Q

Two sacs of the membranous labyrinth

A

Utricle and saccule

117
Q

Posterior to the vestibule are three bony semicircular canals arranged at right angles to one another, at what projection?

A

Two vertical

One horizontal

118
Q

Organ of hearing

A

Cochlea

119
Q

What repeatedly strikes the oval window, which sets up waves in the perilymph of the cochlea?

A

Stapes

120
Q

Primary auditory area of the brain

A

Temporal lobe

121
Q

Which sides of the brain hear from the left and right ears?

A

Both sides receive impulses from both ears

122
Q

Two kinds of equilibrium

A

Static and dynamic

123
Q

Maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity

A

Static equilibrium

124
Q

Maintenance of the body position in response to sudden movements such as rotational acceleration or deceleration

A

Dynamic equilibrium

125
Q

Receptor organs for equilibrium

A

Saccule

Utricle

Semicircular ducts

126
Q

Receptors for static equilibrium

A

Maculae in the walls of the utricle and saccule

127
Q

Thick gelatinous material floating over the hair cells on the macula

A

Otolithic membrane

128
Q

Calcium carbonate crystals that imbeds the otolithic membrane for equilibrium

A

Otoliths

129
Q

What maintains dynamic equilibrium?

A

Three semicircular ducts within the semicircular canals

130
Q

Dilated portion of each semicircular duct

A

Ampulla

131
Q

Small elevation of the ampulla

A

Cristae

132
Q

Jellylike material that covers the cristae

A

Cupula

133
Q

Which branch is stimulated to CN VIII for equilibrium?

A

Vestibular branch

134
Q

Equilibrium information continuously is being monitored by the cerebellum, which also works with what part of the brain to make continuous adjustments to coordinate movement?

A

Cerebrum

HEENT (6 decks)

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