chap 1-8 Flashcards
In 1900, most diseases were short-duration, active infectious diseases, but by the end of the century what was the underlining causes of disease?
behavior and lifestyle were the underlying causes of most diseases.
while in 2005 three of the leading causes of death were ?
heart disease, cancer, and stroke.
In the U.S. the three leading causes of death for adults 25-44 are
unintentional injuries, cancer and heart disease.
African Americans have higher rates of health problems than European Americans. Hispanic Americans also experience poverty, low educational levels, and negative effects to health true or false
true
why is health care so expensive
Expensive medical procedures such as heart surgery, hemodialysis and heighten imaging techniques contribute to the rising cost of Health Care.
Biomedical Model
diseases produced by pathogens, a disease causing organism.
The Biopsychosocial Model
offers an alternative view, adding psychological and social factors to biological ones.
Psychosomatic Medicine is
based on the premise that physical illness has its roots in psychological and emotional conflicts.
Behavioral Medicine is
altered psychology’s role in medicine by concentrating on behavioral rather than mental factors in health and illness.
Health Psychology is
a field of psychology dealing with the scientific study of behaviors that relate to health enhancement, disease prevention, and rehabilitation.
Placebos can also produce negative effects, called
Nocebo Effect.
Epidemiology is
a branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to the occurrence of a disease in a particular population.
The statistical technique of Meta-Analysis allows
researchers to evaluate many research studies on the same topic,
The Health Belief Model
The health belief model includes four factors as predictors of health-related behaviors: perceived susceptibility to disease or disability, perceived severity of the disease or disability, perceived benefits of health-enhancing behaviors, and perceived barriers to health-enhancing behaviors.
The Theory of Reasoned Action
A person’s intention to act is the immediate determinant of behavior, but Intentions are shaped by one’s attitude toward the behavior
The Precaution Adoption Process Model
In Stage 1 - People are unaware of the hazard.
In Stage 2 - They are aware of the hazard but believe that they are not at risk but others are; that is, they have an Optimistic Bias.
In Stage 3 - People acknowledge their personal susceptibility and accept the notion that precaution would be personally effective.
In Stage 4 - Action occurs.
In Stage 5 - In this parallel stage people decide that action is unnecessary.
In Stage 6 - People have already taken the precautions aimed at reducing risk.
In Stage 7 - Involves maintaining the Precaution.
what gender is more likely to seek treatment?
women
The immune system includes
Lymph (circulating fluid that contains a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes) and lymph nodes (interspersed oval capsule structures) through which lymph circulates
what are are also involved with the production, maturation, or differentiation of the various types of lymphocytes.
Thymus, Tonsils, and Spleen
a. The Immune Surveillance Theory hypothesizes
a critical role for the immune system in the development of diseases. With cancer, for example, the immune system fails to control the proliferation of cancerous cells.
- The Diathesis-Stress Model
suggests that some individuals are vulnerable to stress-related diseases because either genetic weakness or biochemical imbalance inherently predisposes them to those diseases
what causes many headaches?
stess
Hypertension is
The relationship between stress and temporary increases in blood pressure is stronger than the evidence for stress as a factor in chronic hypertension. No simple relationship exists between stress and hypertension.
Pain and the Nervous System
All sensory stimulation, including pain, starts with activation of sensory neurons and proceeds with the relay of neural impulses toward the brain.
The Somatosensory System
conveys sensory information from the body through the spinal cord to the brain.
The skin is mapped in the
in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
Somatosensory Cortex
Primary afferents from the skin enter the spinal cord where they synapse with neurons in the
Dorsal Horns of the spinal cord.
Gate Control Theory of pain
that a gating mechanism exists in the spinal cord and that sensory input is modulated in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.
what test is used to test pain
Standardized tests, such as the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) and the MMPI-2, have also been used to assess pain.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
This system holds that a vital force called qi (or chi) flows through the body. If the flow is blocked or becomes stagnant, illness can occur.
Ayurvedic Medicine
Ayurveda, or Ayurvedic medicine, originated in India more than 2,000 years ago. Its goal is to integrate and balance the body, soul, and mind.
