CHAP 1 Flashcards
A branch of knowledge that
investigates the natural phenomena
around us by observing them, drawing
inferences from them and subjecting them
to experimentation using the scientific
process.
Science
Application of the concepts of
science in order to create tools that
would make life easy.
Technology
Composed of people that are
living in a community having the same
culture, economic status, and subject
to the same political authority
Society
3 million years to 3000 BC
Prehistory
3 million to 10000 BC
Paleolithic
First human species
2.5 million years BC
Use of fire
1 million years BC
10000 BC
Neolithic
Agriculture begins
10000 BC
3000 BC to 476 AC
Acient Age
Invention of Writing
3000 BC
476 AC to 1492 AC
Medieval Age
Fall of western Roman empire
476 AC
1492 to 1789 AC
Modern Age
Colombus discovered America
1492 AC
1789 to 2011 AC
Contemporary Age
French Revolution
1789 AC
Introduced by Christian Jürgensen
Thomsen, A Danish antiquarian who
developed system for classifying
artifacts according to periods
Three Age System
Three Age System:
Stone, Bronze, Iron Age
A broad prehistoric period where stones were used primarily as
tools. The period lasted for about 3.4 million years.
Stone Age
A period where the use of
fire was intensified by creating
smelting put to shape tools and
wares being used by men.
Bronze Age (2000 – 500 BC)
is an alloy of
copper and tin.
Bronze
A period where use of iron
and steel was prevalent.
Iron Age (1200 – 600 BC)
In Europe, during this period,
feudalism was the dominant social
system.
Under this system, the king gives
land to noblemen and bishops.
Peasants tilled the land and planted
crops and gave most of the harvest to
the landowner
5th and 15th Century (Middle Age: Medieval Period)
was adopted
to catch up with the demand of
agriculture.
Moldboard plow
Oxen were replaced by
horses
Early part of Middle Ages,
referred to as the time of intellectual
darkness.
It characterizes the Middle
Ages as a time of violence and lack of
progress and was called by Edward
Gibbon as barbarism and religion.
450 – 1000 AD (Middle Age: Dark Age)
Before 1500, more than 80
universities were established in
Europe. Many were supervised by
Catholic churches.
Engaged in higher learning of at
least of these courses: Medicine, Law,
or Theology.
Education (during middle age)
Medieval medicines recognized
that sicknesses could spread from
person to person, that lifestyle has
effect on health and some people were
more prone to illness than others.
Physicians relied on unsanitary
and dangerous way of treating the
disease. Superstitious way of combating
the bacteria.
Medicine (During middle age)
is one of the oldest
civilizations.
In Science, they are advanced in
Physics, Astronomy, Mathematics, and
Medical Biology.
China
In agriculture and economy,
farming largely began in ___ and ___
Huang He and
Yangtze rivers
(longest river in Asia and
3rd in the world)
Yangtze rivers
China’s Contribution
Silk
Bronze
Paper
Compass
Gunpowder
Guns
Mechanical Clock
Anima Harness
Water Canals
is one of the oldest
civilizations in the world, and was
inhabited approximately 250,000 years
ago.
India
Scientists from IIT-Kharagpur and
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
have uncovered evidence that the
___ ___ __ is at least
8,000 years old, taking root well before
the Egyptian and Mesopotamian
civilizations.
Indus Valley Civilization
India’s Contribution
Known for its amazing architecture, including the __ __, one of
the seven wonders of the world.
Taj Mahal
Africa’s Contribution
- First Methods of Counting
- Yoruba Number Scale
- Zaire Number Scale - African Stonehenge
- Work of ancient astronomers
observing:
* Saturn’s ring
* Jupiter’s moon
* Spiral structure of Milky Way
* Orbit of Sirius Star - Advances in Metallurgy and Tool
- Bow and Arrow
- Nails
- Glue - Medicines
- Salicylic Acid
- Skin Grafting
- Filling of Dental Cavities
Muslim rulers promoted the
translation of Greek philosophy and
science, and then encouraged further
scientific exploration in numerous
fields.
Until the 16th century, the Arab
world was connected by a unique
system of trade and transport that
unified its large population scattered
over vast areas of land and sea.
Middle East’s Contribution
was
responsible for the large-scale
circulation of people and information.
Arab Transport System
According to Antoine Zahlan
(1999), the three main reasons Middle
Eastern countries lag behind in terms of
technology and scientific knowledge:
loss of trade and transport system, effects
of industrial revolution and the political
and economic crisis.
Mesoamerican: Aztec’s
Contribution
- Chinampas
- Agricultural technique where
crops are grown in a small rectangular
areas of fertile land on shallow lake
beds. Valley of Mexico was used for
this. - Aztec Calendar
- Xiuhpohualli is a calendar with
20-day 18 months, with 5 left-over
days at the end of the year. It has 365
days per year. - Chocolate
- They invented Xocolatl, a frothy
chocolate drink that was a kuxury
reserved for the upper classes.
- Cacao beans were also used as
currency. - Herbs
- Aztecs used passion flower
which for them, calms spasms and
relaxes muscles. - Gum
- Aztecs and Mayans developed
gum from thick milky liquid called
chicle of the sapodilla tree.
Mesoamerican: Mayan’s
Contribution
- The concept of 0
- Mayans had advanced
numerical system with place values. - Vulcanizing
- The Mayans were the first to
vulcanize rubber. - Chocolates
- The Mayans created a bitter
frothy drink from cacao beans, water,
cornmeal and spices.
- Chocolates were also served in
religious ceremonies and rituals, and
believed it was a gift from gods. - Mayan Calendar
- Time is recorded using glyphs,
symbols with corresponding readable
characters used in writing.
- The Haab calendar, which is
divided into 18 months made of 20
days, and one month, made of 5 days. - Mayan Medicines
Pyrite – tooth filling
Jade and Turquoise – prosthetics
Obsidians – making cuts
- Mayans used herbs over 1500
different kinds to treat ailments. - Agriculture
- Innovative farming techniques
like raised farm beds and terrace
farming, which reduce water runoff
and erosion.
Mesoamerican: Inca’s Contribution
- Civil and Hydraulic Engineering
- System of roads and bridges,
impressive waterworks including
canals, fountains, aqueduct, and
drainage system. - Architecture
- The Inca were master of
builders of massive structures. Their
buildings were built to last, so
designed to survive natural disasters. - Inca Calendar
- The Inca calendar is divided into
12 moths, with 3 weeks each month
and 10 days each week. - Musical Instruments
- Incas invented many wind and
percussion instruments such as
drums, flutes, panpipes. - Use of silver and gold
- Freeze-dried foods for preventing
foods
Agricultural technique where crops are
grown in a small rectangular areas of
fertile land on shallow lake beds
Chinampas
is a calendar with 20-day 18
months, with 5 left-over days at the end
of the year. It has 365 days per year
Xiuhpohualli
a frothy chocolate
drink that was a luxury reserved for the
upper classes
Xocolatl
were also used as currency
Cacao beans
Aztecs used ___ which for
them, calms spasms and relaxes muscles
passion flower
Aztecs and Mayans developed gum from
thick milky liquid called __ of the
sapodilla tree
chicle
were native people of Mexico and
Central America
Mayans
Mayans had advanced numerical system
with place values
The concept of 0
The Mayans were the first to vulcanize __
rubber
which is divided into
18 months made of 20 days, and one
month, made of 5 days
Haab calendar
tooth filling
Pyrite –
prosthetics
Jade and Turquoise
making cuts
Obsidians –
is divided into 12
months, with 3 weeks each month and 10
days each week
Inca calendar
