ch2 Flashcards
Early humans migrated to the Philippines during the Pleistocene
Epoch via land bridges connecting the islands to mainland Asia. They
likely traveled from Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula through
the Sundaland landmass.
Pre-Colonial Period
pre-colonial period
Stone Age
Stone Age : Neolithic
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Protohistoric Period
Pre-Colonial Period
Stone Age
Homo Luzonensis
Tabon Man
Stone Tools
Stone Tool Flakes
- The small-bodied hominin lived on
the island of Luzon at least 50,000 to
67,000 years ago. Identified from a total
of seven teeth and six small bones.
Homo Luzonensis
Discovered in 2007 at Callao Cave,
Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley, Luzon,
Philippines by a team led by Dr. Armand
Mijares. Also called as Callao Man.
Homo Luzonensis
Fossilized remains of early modern
humans (Homo sapiens) discovered in
Tabon Cave, Palawan by Dr. Robert Fox
and a team from National Museum in
1962.
Tabon Man
These remains are among the
earliest evidence of human presence in
the Philippines, dating back 47,000 years
ago.
Tabon Man
These were identified as scrapers, axes, points, knives, and hammers
used in Paleolithic Period and were found in Tabon Cave, Palawan.
Stone Tools
Excavated from Rizal and Kalinga,
these tools were associated with
butchered ____ remains.
rhinoceros
A unique proto-handaxe made
from __, from General Tinio,
Nueva Ecija.
chert
made from Chert, a
sedimentary rock composed of
microcrystalline
Tool flakes
Found in Awidon Mesa Formation, a
400-meter-thick geological formation in
the Cagayan Valley of the Philippines. This
was dated in Paleolithic Period.
Stone Tool Flakes
Jars made from pottery were used
for ___. (Earthenwares)
burial
a National Cultural
Treasure discovered by Dr. Robert Fox in
1964 at Chamber A of Tabon Cave.
Manunggul Jar
This period marked the use of
bronze tools, weapons, and ornaments,
were acquired through trade with China
and Southeast Asia.
Pre-Colonial Period
Bronze Age
A notable artifact from this period (bronze) is the ___, a circular ear ornament
made of bronze, jade, or gold, symbolizing
status and cultural connections with
neighboring civilizations.
lingling-o
Early Filipinos adopted iron tools
and weapons through Austronesian
migration and trade with South China
and India.
Materials linked to iron smelting
include lime, charcoal and coal, and
coke.
Pre-Colonial Period
Iron Age
Iron Age
Social Structure
Datu
Timawa
Oripun/Alipin
Leaders who governed
communities.
Datu
Warriors, farmers, and
traders.
Timawa
Served the ruling
class
Oripun/Alipin
2 types of Oripun/Alipin
Alipin namamahay
* Alipin sagigilid
Widely used by coastal groups
since 16th century, were often inscribed
on leaves using pigments, or on bamboos
using sharp objects for engraving.
This was eventually replaced by the
Roman alphabet but retained in the
islands of Mindoro and Palawan until
today.
Baybayin (during Protohistoric Period)
Constructed by the Ifugao and
recognized as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site, it showcased advanced
agricultural engineering.
It follows the natural contours
of the mountains to efficiently irrigate
rice fields with water from nearby
forests.
Rice Terraces of Banaue (during Protohistoric Period)
A large, swift warship used by
precolonial Filipinos, particularly the
Visayans, for raiding, trade, and naval
warfare
Caracoa (during Protohistoric Period)
or the walled city of
Manila, was the center of Spanish
governance and the heart of colonial
administration.
Intramuros
(Spanish Colonial Period)
Fortifications were built to
defend against invasions like ____ and ____.
Fort Santiago and Baluarte de San Diego
During the Spanish colonial period, churches became central to both
religious and social life in the Philippines, often blending European
architectural styles (Baroque) with local influences. (t or f)
t
Spanish Colonial Period churches
Miagao Church, Miagao, Iloilo
Paoay Church, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
Primarily focused on religious
instruction, with the Catholic Church
playing a central role in shaping the
educational system.
Education (during Spanish Colonial Period)
Spanish Colonial Period schools
- Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu
(1595) - Colegio de San Ignacio, Manila
(1595) - University of Santo Tomas, Manila
(1611) - Colegio de San Juan de Letran,
Manila (1640) - Ateneo de Manila University (1859)
Spanish Colonial Period
Education
Filipinos were sent abroad to study.
- Jose Rizal
- Graciano Lopez Jaena
- José Alejandrino
National hero who studied medicine
in Madrid, Paris, and Germany
Jose Rizal
In 1879, moved to Madrid, Spain,
where he studied medicine at the Central
University of Madrid but was unable to
complete his degree due to financial
difficulties.
Graciano Lopez Jaena
Former senator who studied in Spain
and at the University of Ghent, earning a
degree in chemical engineering with
distinction. In Spain, he actively joined the
Propaganda Movement.
José Alejandrino
A Spanish colonial policy in the
Philippines that aimed to relocate
indigenous populations from scattered
rural settlements into centralized towns
called pueblos
Reducción System
Introduced in the late 16th century,
it was designed to facilitate
Christianization, taxation, and colonial
governance.
Reducción System
Introduced in the Philippines in 1571
by Miguel López de Legazpi. It granted
Spanish officials, called encomenderos,
control over a specific area and its
inhabitants.
Encomienda System (Colonial Policy)
were
responsible for collecting tribute,
maintaining peace, and spreading
Christianity.
encomenderos
Spanish Colonial Period Social Structure
Peninsulares
Insulares
Spanish Mestizos
Principalia
Sangleys
Indios
Negritos and other Indigenous Groups
Spanish Colonial Period
Government Structure
king of spain (The colonial Goverment)
The executive branch (Governor General)
The Judical branch (Royal audencia, residencia, lower courts, governor general)
provincial goverment ALCALDIA (alcalde mayor)
Municipal goverment CORRIGIEMENTO (Corrregidor)
City goverment AYUTAMENTO (Cablido)
pueblos or towns (gobernadorcillos)
BARRIOS (Cabeza de barangay)
CABILDO City council
- ALcalde
-regidores
- aguacil mayor
- escribando
barrios (Cabeza de barangay)
the Father of
Philippine Pharmacy, were among the first
graduate of Pharmacy at University of
Santo Thomas in 1876.
He was the first licensed Filipino
Pharmacist and made significant
contributions to pharmaceutical science
and medicinal plant research
Leon Ma. Guerrero (medicine during Spanish Colonial Period)
In 1887, the _____ was created by
decree. Its main functions were to conduct
biochemical analyses for public health and
to undertake specimen examinations for
clinical and medico-legal cases.
Laboratorio Municipal
de Ciudad de Manila (Medicine
during Spanish Colonial Period)
showing
scientific studies being done during that
time
Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas
The ____ opened in 1889. This led
to the scientific approach to farming.
Agricultural production increased
due to modernized way in farming.
Manila School of Agriculture (agriculture during Spanish Colonial Period)
Philippine ports were opened that resulted to exports of Philippine products. ___ continued from 1565 to 1813.
Galleon Trade (transportation during Spanish Colonial Period)
In transportation, __ and ___ were among the vehicles
on the road.
calesa, tramways (during Spanish Colonial Period)
The ___ introduced a
free public school system, allowing
children from all social classes to
access education.
Americans
English became the medium of
instruction. The ___ was founded in
1908, which became a center for
scientific learning.
University of the
Philippines (UP) (during American Colonial Period)
The ___ (1901)
was established, serving as the first
scientific research institution in the
country.
Focus was given to disease
control, particularly on tuberculosis,
cholera, and malaria.
Bureau of Science (during American Colonial Period)
The ____
modernized with research on
sugarcane production.
Philippine Sugar Industry (Agricultural and Industrial Development during American Colonial Period)
The ___ (1935) was created to plan
economic policies.
National Economic
Council (Agricultural and Industrial Development during American Colonial Period)
The ___ was
established in 1958 to promote science
and research (now the Department of
Science and Technology - DOST)
National Science
Development Board (NSDB) (science during Post-Commonwealth Era)
Post-Commonwealth Era
Government Corporations
National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR)
National Economic Council (NEC)
National Development Company (NDC)
National Abaca and Other Fibers Corporation (NAFCO)
developed hydroelectric
power and energy resources.
National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR)
managed economic policies and
industrial growth.
National Economic Council (NEC)
boosted trade and local
industries.
National Development Company (NDC)
focused on
abaca (Manila hemp) production, an important export crop.
National Abaca and Other Fibers Corporation (NAFCO)
Marcos Era and Martial Law
- Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (PCAR) in 1972
- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) in 1972 - National Grains Authority in 1972.
- Bataan Nuclear Power Plant in 1976
Fifth Republic (1986 to Present)
Corazon Aquino
Fidel Ramos
Joseph Estrada
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Benigno Aquino
Rodrigo Duterte
NSTA was replaced by
Department of Science and
Technology (DOST), a member
of a cabinet.
Corazon Aquino
Science and Technology
was a vital move to achieve the
status of new industrialized
country (NIC).
Fidel Ramos
Philippine Clean Air Act of
1999, giving protection to the
environment and the Electronic
Commerce Act of 2000 outlaws
computer hacking and protects
e-commerce.
Joseph Estrada
The “Golden Age of
Science and Technology” by
DOST Secretary Estrella
Alabastro, due to significant
advancements in research,
innovation, and development.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
In 2012, Project NOAH
(Nationwide Operational
Assessment of Hazard) was
launched as the Philippines’
flagship disaster risk reduction
program.
Benigno Aquino
Expanded space research,
disaster resilience, and medical
innovation, but underfunding,
political priorities, and policy
inconsistencies limited longterm scientific progress.
Rodrigo Duterte
