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Geography P1 > Changing UK Landscapes > Flashcards

Changing UK Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

How is schist formed?

A

-formed at high pressure at a convergent boundary

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2
Q

How is slate formed?

A

-formed from mudstone at convergent plate boundaries

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3
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

-formed by heat and pressure

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4
Q

How is sedimentary rock formed?

A
  • formed in layers called beds

- contain fossils

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5
Q

How does a batholith form?

A
  • magma cools inside the Earth’s crust
  • surrounding the igneous rock (granite) is sedimentary rock (limestone)
  • the sedimentary rock erodes quickly, exposing the granite
  • the cracks in the batholith become larger due to freeze-thaw weathering
  • forms scree
    e. g. Hay Tor in Dartmoor
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6
Q

How are chalk hills formed?

A
  • the area is made up of two sedimentary rocks; chalk and clay
  • the harder chalk erodes much more slowly, whilst the soft clay erodes more quickly
  • this leaves chalk hills and clay valleys
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7
Q

Impacts of agriculture on the uk landscape

A
  • trees are removed for fields-increase in flood risk-bird numbers decrease
  • chemicals used in farming such as fertiliser affect the biodiversity
  • landscapes are yellow and look unnatural
  • soil acidiy decreases as fields are continuously used
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8
Q

What is forestry

A

-management of wooded areas by humans

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9
Q

Impact of forestry on the uk landscape?

A
  • deciduous woodland has been replaced by coniferous trees-coniferous wood looks unnatural
  • this is to produce timber more quickly, leaves do not fall of so soil quality will diminish as nutrients are not transferredto the soil
  • forests are maintained for tourists -litter
  • trees are planted in rows to make it easier to cut down and manage
  • coppicing is used to keep the tree trunks thin so they are cut down easily-makes it look unnatural
  • no woods in the uk are wild
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10
Q

What is a spring line settlement?

A

spring lines form when water collects between a layer of permeable rock that rests on top of the impermeable rock forming springs
-towns and villages that settle along these water springs are called spring line settlements

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11
Q

What is weathering

A

-the breakdown of rock in situ due to weather

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12
Q

What is mechanical weather?

A
  • rocks reduce in size

- no chemical change

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13
Q

Describe freeze-thaw weathering

A
  • water enters crack in the rock during the day day
  • at night the water freezes and expands
  • repeated freezing and thawing causes the rock to break forming scree
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14
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

-occurs when the rock breaks down

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15
Q

Explain carbonation/acid rain

A
  • rainwater picks up CO2 in the air
  • the rainwater becomes carbonic acid
  • this reacts with rocks like limestone causing them to dissolve
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16
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

-animals and plants break down the rock

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17
Q

give examples of biological weathering

A
  • animals burrow into weak rock

- plants roots grow into the rock and break it

18
Q

What is mass movement?

A

-the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

19
Q

Describe sliding

A
  • water enters cracks in the rock during the day
  • at night the water freezes and expands, widening the cracks
  • overtime pieces of rock will break away and fall straight down the cliff base
  • these pieces of rock form scree at the base of the cliff
20
Q

Describe slumping

A
  • permeable rock is located on top of impermeable rock
  • the permeable rock becomes saturated
  • the impermeable rock is unable to support the heavy saturated permeable rock so it collapses
  • the rock collapses in a curved motion
21
Q

Hydraulic action

A

-when the water/air is forced into cracks in the rock

22
Q

Attrition

A

-two rocks knocks against each other reducing in size

23
Q

Abrasion

A

-the rocks grind against each other becoming smoother

24
Q

Solution

A

Where rock ins dissolved in water

25
Q

What does deposition cause?

A
  • obstruction
  • reduction in rivers velocity
  • less river water
  • increase in load
26
Q

What is suspension?

A

-when small rock fragments float in the main river flow

27
Q

what is solution (transport)

A

-dissolved material carried by river

28
Q

what is traction

A

-large rocks roll along the river or seabed

29
Q

What is saltation

A

-small pebbles bounce along the river- seabed

30
Q

Explain the impact that storms can have on river landforms

A
  • storms can cause a sudden increase in river discharge and velocity
  • this increases the rate of erosion and sediment transport and means that landforms will be widened and deepened by increases in hydraulic action and abrasion
  • the river can flood and sediment is deposited on the floodplain
  • this raises the height of the floodplain and the levees
  • which are immediately parrallel to the river
31
Q

What impact does hot and dry weather have on rivers

A
  • if the weather is dry, the discharge will be low leading to less erosion/transport.
  • however if it does rain, the water will be unable to infiltrate into the ground
  • so will flow into the river
  • may cause flooding
32
Q

What impact does freezing conditions have on rivers

A
  • these conditions will cause the ground to freeze
  • so when snow begins to melt, it will be unable to infiltrate
  • causing high levels of surface run-off to the river
  • this could cause a flood
33
Q

Interlocking spurs

A
  • the river at its source is small and has limited energy
  • it flows naturally from side to side, around ridges in the valleys sides, called spurs
  • the spurs become interlocking with those on the other side of the valley
34
Q

How are gorges formed?

A
  • over a long time, the process of undercutting and collapse is repeated
  • and the waterfall retreats, forming a steep-sided gorge
35
Q

How are waterfalls formed?

A
  • hard rock is located on top of soft rock in the upper course of the river
  • the soft rock erodes more quickly due to hydraulic and abrasion forming a plunge pool
  • the plunge pool gets deeper and deeper
  • the overhang of the hard rock can no longer support itself so it collapses
  • the processor repeats causing the waterfall to retreat upstream
  • a gorge may form in front of the waterfall
36
Q

Explain the formation of a meander:

A
  • as a river moves downstream in the middle course, small bends form as the river avoids obstacles such as niffles (shallow sections of the river)
  • overtime, the river becomes more and more bendy due to erosion and deposition forming a meander
  • on the inside of the meander the river moves much slower due to high levels of friction. this leads to deposition and the formation of a point bar.
  • on the outside of the meander, the river moves much faster due to low levels of friction. this leads to erosion and the formation of a river cliff.
37
Q

What is an oxbow lake?

A

-a horseshoe shaped lake that used to be a meander

38
Q

Explain the formation of an oxbow lake

A
  • due to erosion and deposition the meander becomes more and more bendier, narrowing the neck of the meander
  • after a flood, the river cuts through the neck of the meander
  • the river now takes a quicker straughter route by passing the old meander
  • deposition occurs sealing off the meander
  • over time, the oxbow lakes begins to fill in
  • vegetation begins to grow
  • eventually the oxbow will disappear altogether
39
Q

How does urbanisation affect rivers?

A
  • urbanisation has caused towns to grow, meaning there are fewer permeable surfaces
  • water flows into the rivers, increasing discharge
  • increasing demands for housing hgas led to new houses being built on floodplains.
  • this changes the natural landscape
  • rivers may be channelised or made to flow underground to make room for urban development .
  • if this happnens, erosion and deposition cannot take place
40
Q

How does agriculture affect rivers?

A
  • forests can be felled to make way for farmland
  • trees intercept rainfall, helping to reduce surface run-off
  • removing trees means water reaches rivers more quickly
  • abstracting water for irrigation reduces the flow and velocity of a river
  • depositon occurs rather than erosion
41
Q

How do industries affect rivers?

A
  • big users of water, reducing amount of water
  • this leads to a reduction in discharge
  • this means less erosion and more deposition
  • industrial processes can pollute rivers if chemicals or waste are spiled or dumped into them
  • this will harm animals and destroy local habitats
  • this will cause the natural river landscape to change

Geography P1 (4 decks)

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