Changing Spaces : Making Places Flashcards
1
Q
What is a place?
A
A place can have objective meanings and subjective meanings.
2
Q
What is a space?
A
Doesn’t have subjective meanings and simply exists between places.
3
Q
What makes a place?
A
Location - Physically is on a map
Locale - The setting which social interactions occur (how it looks)
Sense of place - The feelings and emotions a place evokes. Subjective between people.
4
Q
What are 6 characteristics that makes a places identity?
A
Physical landscape - Geology, rivers etc
Demography - Ages, ethnicity, gender
Socio-Economic - Employment, income
Cultural - Religion, tradition
Political - Government, council
Built environment - Age/style of buildings material etc.
5
Q
What are the two contrasting places (place profile) case studies?
A
Lympstone - Devon on river Exe
Toxteth - Liverpool, river Mersey
6
Q
What are the natural characteristics like in Lympstone?
A
Tidal mudflats, coastal, extends into the river Exe estuary, rural and ideal for trade due to river
7
Q
What are the natural characteristics like in Toxteth?
A
North edge of River Mersey, gentle undulating land and woodland and streams, good for faming and hunting as well as trade
8
Q
What was the early/past identity like in Lympstone?
A
The location on the river meant:
13th century : Trading ports with cross - channel links, good for fishing and shell fish farming
19th century : Shipbuilding + fishing
Mid 19th century: Tourism of coast - wealthy Victorians, so accommodations were built (Swann inn)
19th century onwards: Listed buildings so strict planning rules
9
Q
What was the early/past identity like in Toxteth?
A
Toxteth location close to river Mersey meant:
11th Century - Fishing for Saxons meant an early settlement was built
13th century - Undulating land + forest was good for hunting
18th Century- Streams allowed for cottage industry
18th century - Port allowed for trade as well as slave trading.
10
Q
How did time space compression affect lympstone?
A
Railway in 1861 allowed fishermen to sell products easier.
More tourism, easy access to Exeter
Railway 20th century: Key infrastructure for commuting. Allowed for semi detached housing in suburbs for dormitory settlers who live in Lympsotne but work in Exeter for example.
11
Q
What were the effects of the port in Toxteth growing in the 18th-19th century?
A
Increased wealth - Changed the demography and built environment. Shift in flows of people + finance example:
Population grew due to economic growth, Georgian houses built for rich slave merchants which led to cheap terraced housing for the middle class on the urban fringe
12
Q
What is the present day demography of Lympstone?
A
99% white, elderly population
13
Q
What is the present day demography of Toxteth?
A
Diverse ethnicity (78% white) most of the age between 16-24 due to migrant workers coming into the city (shifting flows of people)
14
Q
What is the present day socio-economic characteristics like in Toxteth?
A
Higher average household size, higher ownership percentage, lower rented percentage, lower % with no access to cars, and lower % of people with bad education compared to Toxteth
15
Q
What is the present day socio-economic characteristics like in Toxteth?
A
1960-70 agriculture dominated the employment, migrant workers in the city centre for cheaper housing and poor jobs. Education is poor and more rented housing
16
Q
What are the present day culture/religion characteristics like in Toxteth?
A
Diverse ethnicity - Muslim festivals of Eid, Ramadan, Christian worship.
17
Q
What are the present day culture/religion characteristics like in Lympstone?
A
Christian community, parish church
18
Q
What are the present day political characteristics like in Lympstone?
A
Parish council - Local issues
District council East Devon - More power, council tax, local planning, recycling etc
County council Devon - Education, transport etc
19
Q
What are the present day political characteristics like in Toxteth?
A
Liverpool ward riverside
National government (Labour)
Past influence of politics - Merseyside development cooperation (A regeneration project set up by national government to regenerate the riverside of Toxteth)
20
Q
What is the built environment like in Lympstone?
A
Exeter science park + Exeter university - People work there and live in Lympstone. Listed buildings preserved, suburbs are where the houses are
21
Q
What is the built environment like in Toxteth?
A
Georgian and terraced housing built on greenfield sites, highly populated.
22
Q
What are the shifting resources and ideas like in Lympstone? (Present and past)
A
Shift to tertiary and quaternary industry.
Knowledge economy - data analysis. Met office built
Science park build - Providing research and quaternary jobs
23
Q
What are the shifting resources and ideas like in Toxteth? (Present and past)
A
Economic decline - The port is on the wrong side of the UK for trading with the EU so closed down.
Deindustrialisation, less workers needed/ move abroad/elsewhere. Led to unemployment which caused the Toxteth riots
Tate Liverpool - Rebrand docks as area for tourists which gave it the city of culture.
24
Q
What are 5 factors influencing perceptions of place?
A
Age - Perceptions differ with age
Gender - Women and men differ in places
Sexuality - Comfortability to express sexuality
Religion - Spiritually significance
Role - Student, Daughter, Parent, Team member will have different perceptions
25
How do emotions influence perception of place?
Social and personal experiences -
Positive experience = Emotional attachment
- From a group/community such as a football team will have a strong emotional attachment to that community and therefore that place
- Effect behaviour - Auschwitz - Sad, shocked so therefore respectful etc
26
What is the case study for emotional attachment to a homeland?
The kurds
27
Who are the Kurds?
An ethnic group across Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. There are about 28-30 million in the heartland, making them the largest stateless nations
28
What are the Kurds doing that show a strong emotional connection to their homeland?
Armed conflict with Turkish forces
Protests by diaspora in other countries
Persecution in Iraq
29
What are some examples of informal sources that represent a place?
Films
Graffiti
TV soaps
Photos
Music
Informal - Subjective and usually qualitative
30
What are some examples of formal sources that represent a place?
Census
Road network
Rainfall totals
Formal - Objective and usually quantitative
31
What is globalisation?
Way in which the world is becoming more interconnected and intertwined - Economically, Socially, Politically, and Culturally
32
What is a global village?
The world has become smaller due to interconnections, flows of goods and people and technology so acts like a village that is global
33
What is social inequality?
Social inequality is the unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across a population
34
What is QoL and SoL?
Quality of life- People needs and desires are met. General "well-being". Both economic and psychological
Standard of living- The ability of having access to services, food, water, shelter. Based on levels of income.
35
What is the difference between poverty and deprivation?
Poverty = Not enough money for a decent SoL
Deprivation = A lack of resources and opportunities for individuals in an area. Not enough money for education, healthcare etc.
36
What is relative poverty and absolute poverty?
Absolute = Household income is below $1.90 a day
Relative - Living with less than 60% of median income
37
What is the cycle of deprivation?
Where one factor causes a multiplier effect and deprivation gets worse eg:
Poor education - poor job - Poor income- Poor housing - Poor education repeats
38
What is the index of multiple deprivation and what does it do?
Allows us to compare relative levels of deprivation in small neighbourhoods called lower super output area (LSOA).
It uses income, education, health, crime etc to do so.
1-10 scale. 1 being most deprived 10 being least.
39
What are 5 ways used to measure social inequality?
Income
Housing
Healthcare
Education
Employment
40
What are the three main ways to measure income?
Absolute poverty
Relative poverty
Gini coefficient
41
What is the gini coefficient?
Used to measure income distribution. The higher the number, the greater the gap between the incomes of the countries rich and poor
42
What is PPP?
Purchasing Power Priority - Relates to the cost of obtaining goods and services to local costs. Eg bread cost is different in different countries
43
What are three ways of measuring housing inequality?
Quality of housing
House price
Housing tenure
Informal settlements
44
How does housing influence social inequality?
Create ill health in poor housing
In AC's the price of housing relates to income
Regeneration causes gentrification pushing poorer people out as they cant pay the higher prices
45
What are 4 ways of measuring healthcare inequality?
Number of doctors per 1000
Unequal access to healthcare
Life expectancy
Diet
Air pollution
46
What are four ways of measuring education inequality?
Variations in literacy - Globally
Grades - Nationally
Informal education eg learning skills that cannot be measured
Inequalities of access to education between genders as well as differences between countries
47
What are three ways of measuring employment inequality?
Unemployment rates
Income levels (AC's nationally)
Informal employment (EDC's, LIDC's)
48
What is the human development index?
A way of measuring average achievement in human development. Has 3 dimensions: long, healthy life, knowledge, and standard of living.
0.8-1 = AC
0.5-0.79 = EDC
0-0.49 = LIDC
49
What is global shift?
The locational movement of manufacturing productions in particular from AC's to EDC's and LIDC's from the 1970's onwards.
50
What are the four sectors of industry and give examples.
Primary - Fishing, Farming, Mining
Secondary - Manufacturing
Tertiary - Retail, Healthcare, Finance
Quaternary - Science, Reasearch
51
What is the NIDL (New International Division of Labour) ?
A process where production is no longer limited to one country and can be spread but spatially across a global scale due to telecommunications and containerisation. Reduces costs for TNC's
52
What are TNC's?
Transnational corporation who are key players in changing the economy.
53
What is offshoring and outsourcing?
Offshoring - TNC's move parts of their production processes to other countries to reduce costs
Outsourcing - TNC's contract another company to produce goods and services so they dont have to move
54
What is deindustrialisation and what are the consequences of it?
The decline in importance of manufacturing in an economy due to global shift
Problems:
Unemployment
Brownfield derelict sites
Pollution
De-Multiplier effect
55
What is the de-multiplier effect in the case of de-industrialisation
High unemployment rates
Less disposable income
Local services shut down
Further job loss
Repeat
56
What is a comparative advantage?
A principle that countries or regions benefit from specialising in economic activity in which they are relatively more efficient or skilled
57
What is spatial inequality?
Social differences that vary from place to place
58
Why may spatial inequality vary?
Wealth
Access to services
Housing
Education
Health
59
What case study is used for change in manufacturing and sectorial shift?
Birmingham structural economic change (Specifically the Birmingham research park which introduced the quaternary industry)
60
What causes sectorial change?
Global shift - De-industrialisation- Less secondary industry - Quaternary + tertiary take over
61
What are core regions?
Regions with a strong multiplier effect and they benefit if above average economic growth - High levels of productivity as well.
62
What are kondratieff's waves of innovation?
Operations in a series of 50 year cycles of growth and decline linked to technological innovation.
Technology gets old - Recession
New technology - Boom
63
What are recessions and booms?
Recessions - Slow downs in economic activity
Booms - An increase in economic activity
64
What is the case study for social inequality case study?
Jembatan Besi, Jakarta, Indonesia
Northwood, Irvine, Southern California, USA
65
Describe the place characteristics of Jembatan Besi
Slum area that is 4k NW of the city centre, due to lack of affordable housing. Very densely populated, 31,000 people in 0.5km2. Extreme poverty but strong sense of community.
66
What are housing conditions like in Jembatan Besi?
Poor material (Wood, brick, Metal scraps)
No electricity or sanitation
Kerosene is used for warmth and cooking - Dangerous
Electric wiring tapped into and exposed
High chance of fires due to dangers and poor material
67
What are the socio - Economic conditions like in Jembatan Besi?
Indonesia gets richer but inequality remains
Wealthiest Indonesians (Top 10%) have access to 30% of the total resources in the country
60% employed in informal sector, get less that $4 a day
Formal work - Crowded, little human rights and poor health conditions
68
What are the health conditions like in Jembatan Besi?
Few toilets - If there are they are run by businesses
Waste is flushed into the river where people drink from and shower
Increased disease (Cholera and Typhoid)
No clean running water
Built on waste tip so wells are polluted with heavy metals and diseases
Kerosesne - Air pollution
Malaria
69
What has the government done to try and improve Jembetan Besi?
Cleaning slums
Upgrading materials used in housing
Installing key services such as sanitation, running water and electricity
But cleaning slums means people will move away as prices will increase
70
What are the place characteristics of Northwood?
Originally a cattle ranch - now an "edge-city" - clustering of businesses away from the Central Business District
South Los Angeles
Is a village of 49k people in 10km2 which is less crowded that Jakarta
Close to Silicon Valley
71
What are the socio-economic conditions of Northwood?
High standard of living
Average wage is $110,000
University of California in Irvine which is a good employer and brings in a younger population
Employment in high tech businesses in Silicon valley
72
What are the housing conditions like in Northwood?
91% own their home
Average household size is 3 compared to Jembetan Besi which is 5
Spacious housing
Green space
Average cost is $933,600 for a house
73
What are the health conditions like in Northwood?
Air pollution is low, away from smog in Los Angeles
Both private and public healthcare
Low crime rates, 61% below national level
74
What is the education like in Northwood?
5 High schools - Ranked highly
68% have at least a degree
20% have a masters/PHD
Which results in high skilled jobs
75
What is silicon valley?
An area where rich TNC's are based, South East of San Fransissco
Employ highly skilled workers with an average income of $107,400 which is above the US average
But unequal pay between races and genders (White and Asian Men are paid more)
76
What are 4 ways government reduce social inequality?
Income, food and inheritance tax
Subsidies (Benefits, allowance, Credit)
Planning (Red Rose flats in Glasgow)
Laws and education (Equality act, minimum wage etc)
77
Who are the three main players influencing economic change?
Private players - Local businesses, TNC's
Government - Local, National and Super national
Local communities and charities
78
Define a player
Individuals/groups that have an interest or influence over actions/decisions about a place and processes that are taken by those players to shape a place (Stakeholders)
79
What is the case study for structural economic change?
Birmingham
80
Who were the first people to set up a market in Birmingham in the 12th Century?
De Birmingham family who got a royal charter from King Henry II. These players helped establish Birmingham as a place of trade.
81
Why had the small scale industry grown in the 16th Century in Birmingham?
Coal seam close to the surface in Birmingham, which provided raw materials for metal works (Buttons, knives, nails and swords)
82
By how much did the population grow after the coal seam and the market grew in Birmingham?
1500s - 1000
1700s - 15,000
83
What was the first factory that was made in Birmingham and how many people did it employ?
Soho factory, It employed 700 workers
84
Why were canals build in Birmingham at the start of the Industrial Revolution?
Carry finished industrial goods and raw materials (Coal, iron etc). Birmingham was a the heart of the trade network. Finished goods such as guns, jewellery, brass and buttons.
85
What sector grew when the industrial sector grew in Birmingham?
Tertiary sector such as finance, banks, law firms, insurance to protect assets.
86
What was a key player that helped with economic change in Birmingham mid industrial revolution?
Cadbury factory (1870) in Bournville. Helped change housing conditions for employees by building a model village.
87
How much did the population increase by 1801 - 1901 in Birmingham?
1801 - 73.000+
1901 - 500,000
City of a thousand trades
88
Who were a key player in the growth of the manufacturing sector in Birmingham?
1906 - Austin Martian car plant offered 22k jobs
1917 - Dunlop tyre factory - employed 10k people.
89
What were built for the growing population in Birmingham?
Densely packed terraced housing built near factories for workers
90
What caused Birmingham to expand?
Transport improvement (eg bus, trams, cars) gave people mobility to live further away from work so caused the urban area to expand.
91
What were the consequences of the industrial revolution in Birmingham?
Inner city is slum like
Air pollution
Canals polluted
92
What were the demographics like in 1950 in Birmingham?
Predominantly white, migration from Ireland and the British Isles due to work
Later on after WW2 immigrants from India, Asia etc came to help rebuild the UK
93
What was the population in 1951 in Birmingham?
1.1 million
94
What was the unemployment rate in 1980s in Birmingham?
19.4% after de industrialisation
95
What caused the a massive rise in unemployment in Birmingham?
Metal works jobs decreased from 22% to 12%
Vehicle jobs decreased from 11% to 3% of the population working due to global shift
Knowledge intensive - Increased (Tertiary)
96
Who were the players involved in Birmingham's industrial decline?
OPEC - Responded to western nations supplying Israel, so banned supply of oil barrels to Western countries. Oil demand increased ($3 - $12/ barrel) so petrol prices increased and so that meant that car manufacturing declined as people didn't buy cars anymore as it was too expensive to maintain.
Caused better value TNC's like Toyota to become more popular.
Trade Unions striked which then was unattractive for investors so the economy changed rapidly
97
How did the housing in Birmingham change?
-Lost 5000 houses due to bombing
-Poor quality
-Slums were common
-110k houses considered "Sub-Standard"
98
How did the Government stop urban sprawl in Birmingham?
Made a "green belt" to stop people moving to the urban areas of the city. This meant areas close to the green belts saw good transport links and land value increased.
99
How did the government help regenerate Birmingham?
-£100 million from national government, £200 million from investors. This meant that the National Exhibition Centre was built, the airport was expanded to increase tourism
-Birmingham Heartland Development Corporation. Regenerate old industrial areas, which then resulted in star city being built as well as Bordesley village replacing old terraced housing
100
How did planning and flagship projects help regenerate Birmingham?
-Victoria square was refurbished, and the Bull Ring was built (Shopping centre) to bring tourism to the area
-Flagship projects + EU investment built ICC (International Convention Centre) and symphany hall. This meant an income from hositing events here would improve the economy.
-Lead to Birmingham being represented as a place of culture
-National indoor arena was also built, which held the 2022 common wealth games, helped with the multiplier effect as it improved the area, improved housing and increased tourism
101
How was the environment regenerated in Birmingham?
-Water pollution decreased
-Canals refurbished + cleaned, which is now a hub for tourism
-Air quality improved
102
How did the 3 universities in Birmingham help improve the economic structure?
-Changed the demography, 50k students came to the city making the demography younger which created a positive multiplier effect as students will tend to spend more. Universities also brought jobs to the city but would only benefit the highly skilled workers.
103
What was the role of transport in Birmingham's regeneration?
Hub of national motorway network
Investment into main railway station (£700 million)
Grand central built train station which created 1000 jobs
HS2 is a high speed railway linking London and Birmingham together, which will be a catalyst for tourism, and will create 36k jobs
104
What is place making?
A multifaceted approach to planning, designing and managing places. Involves players such as:
TNS'S
Government
Local Community Groups
Architects and Planners
105
What are the 4 main roles of Government in place making?
Increasing social cohesion
Reducing crime rates
Attracting FDI
Improving environmental qualitites
106
What is FDI? and why do Governments want to attract it to places?
Foreign Direct Investment - Investment from one country to another
Why? :
Advance economic development
Create new jobs
Create a competitive, dynamic, connected place
New technologies
Actively involved in international businesses
107
How do government attract FDI?
Reinvent places
Planning
Making the place attractive to talented workers
Land-use zoning (Different compartments)
Creating infrastructure such as science parks
Specific policies
108
What is the case study for attracting FDI?
Hitachi rail -is a railway rolling stock assembly plant owned by Hitachi Rail Europe in Newton Aycliffe. This allowed for house research, development and design, 6000 people employed.
Background:
Opened a manufacturing plant at Newton Aycliffe, which represents to flow of FDI from Japan to the UK
109
What are the roles of planning in place making?
Framework for new builders
Large influence - Determine success of a a project
Help reduce social inequalities
Can also lead to negative experience such as in the Red Rose flats in Glasgow which increased crime rates and reduces SoL and QoL
110
What are the roles of architects in place making?
Design of high profile buildings (Flagship projects)
Enhance the reputation of a place
Historian/cultural preservation
111
What are some examples of community groups?
-Resident associations
-Individual pressure groups - Schools, Churches etc
-Neighbourhood watch
-Local businesses/private
-Heritage associations
-Environmental organisations
112
How do resident association influence place making?
Less influence that Government and planners. Are more focused on the generation of a community. Help to represent residents' views and concerns and to provide a forum for residents to meet formally to consider matters of local concern and importance.
113
How do heritage associations influence place making?
Active where there's is dedication to the survival of t he past characteristics of a place. Most are non-governmental. These people allow other to experience the history and culture of a place which will change many peoples perceptions and create a positive impact on a place which could be seen to have some power over planners and government as they may not be able to provide this.
114
How does social media (Digital place making) influence place making?
As social media is more intergraded, it is being used to encourage public participation such as planning and decision making. Communities can be brought together to help and bring a sense of community.
115
What is regeneration?
The investment of capital and ideas to revitalise and renew socio- economic and environmental conditions.
116
What is reimaging?
Developments associated with rebranding involving cultural and artistic approaches.
117
What is the brand of a place?
The image of a city and how it is perceived by people
118
What are the 3 aspects of a brand and explain them
Brand artefact - Physical environment (Buildings)
Brand essence - Peoples experience of a place (Living, visiting, working etc)
Brandscape - How the place positions itself in relation to other competitor places (Locally, regionally, internationally and nationally).
119
What are 5 rebranding strategies?
Market led
Top down
Flagship
Legacy
Events and themes
120
What is market led rebranding?
Rebranding led by private investors/companies who are trying to make a profit
121
What is top-down rebranding?
Rebranding led by local authorities (Ie council and local government) and their planning departments. Such as in Salford Quays in Manchester, brought by Salford council after docks closed because of containerisation)
122
What is the flagships development strategy?
Rebranding focused on a large scale, one-off projects that is hoped to attract further investment and regeneration.
123
What is the legacy strategy?
Rebranding following an international sporting event which brings regeneration prior and after the even. Ie the Glasgow 2014 commonwealth games, where athletes village was built, but now used as homes for people
124
What is events/themes strategy?
Rebranding focuses around a major event or theme (City of culture) Liverpool was European capital of culture in 2008 which brought it 9 million visitors which brought in £7.53 million to the economy
125
What is gentrification?
The process by which wealthy residents and businesses move into poor working class area and change the characteristics of a place both physical and environmental making properties worth more and forcing poorer residents out.
126
Why is gentrification sometimes described as "White-Washing"?
It is mostly wealthy, white people displacing ethnic groups which is seen as breaking up the culture and environment seen in Brixton Market.
127
Give 5 bits of background information about Glasgow
West coast of Scotland, on the river Clyde
18th century - Key port for trading goods
Coastal access + proximity to coal and iron meant it was a shipbuilding manufacturing hub
Famous for building 30k ships and the Queen Mary
128
Why did Glasgow need rebranding?
- Post war decline and deindustrialisation
-Car ownership grew so ocean liners not needed and moved abroad (global shift)
-142K jobs in industrial decline due to the men having low skills which meant they had no where to go
-Reputation for its poor housing
-"No Means City"
129
What strategies did Glasgow use to rebrand?
-"Glasgow Miles Better" campaign, slogan. Cheap and promoted the culture and infrastructure
-Museum keelingrave - successful, cheap and a catalyst
-Glasgow city council + government helped build a museum to host the Brunell collection
-Old disused dock transformed to Glasgow's garden festival. Opened by King Charles.
-These led to Glasgow becoming European capital of culture title.
130
What flagship projects were built in Glasgow to help rebrand?
Glashow royal concert hall
Derelict queens dock in city centre was converted into SEC (Scottish Expedition Centre)
Armadillo extended into SEC supplying 5k jobs
The garden festival turned into a creative and digital hub called pacific quay (BBC)
Clyde arc first bridge built in 40 yrs
131
What event took place due to the success of rebranding in Glasgow?
Event + Legacy
2014 common wealth games - Facilities called athletes village were built for the athletes and are now used for social housing.
132
Who were the key players in rebranding Glasgow?
Glasgow's miles better - (Lord Provost Michael) - didn't actually change anything in Glasgow however.
Glasgow city council + Scottish enterprise important for promotions of cultural events. Invested into regeneration and Clyde waterfront
Architects (Dame Zaha Hadid) helped design riverside museum.
133
What was the success of this rebranding?
1981 unemployment = 16.9%, 50% economically active
2021 5.3% unemployed, 70% economically active (But below average still)
Top 10 for tourism and culture (£774 million per year from tourism)
Financial servers such as Barclays - 23K Jobs
CIty centre less deprived however areas have had no effect from the rebranding such as Govan 1/3 in poverty, "Glasgow effect".
134
How can shifting flows of people shape a place?
* migration influences the profile of a place - in and out of an
area, internal and international
* commuter flows influence the profile of places in which
people choose to live and work
* the impact of these flows (migration and commuting)
includes: demographic, such as population total, age- and
ethnic- structure; socio-economic, such as labour market,
impact on services; cultural, such as religion, traditionsH
135
How can shifting flows of resources shape a place?
availability of natural resources such as coal can influence
the profile of a place both as it is exploited and when in
decline
* level and type of technology can influence the profile of a place through its impact on the local economy
136
How can shifting flows of ideas shape a place?
* ability to participate in the knowledge economy can
influence the profile of a place
*Universities, science parks etc
137
How can shifting flows of investment shape a place?
* investment in a place by various levels of government can
influence the profile of a place such as its infrastructure,
environment and service provision
* investment by TNCs can influence place profile in both and
beneficial and negative ways (gentrification)
* migrant remittances can influence place profiles if used for
local investment
138
What is structural economic change?
Shift in a dominant part of the economy, ei Primary to tertiary etc
