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History yearly (10) notes > Changing Rights and Freedoms > Flashcards

Changing Rights and Freedoms Flashcards

1
Q

When was the United Nations formed

A

it was officially established on the 24th October 1945

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2
Q

why was the UN formed

A

After World war 2, its victors were planning a new international organisation- the UN that would create conditions for world peace and security. They wanted to prevent the disregard for human rights that allowed the wars cruelties to occur

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3
Q

how many founding members were there of the UN

A

51 and Australia was one of them

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4
Q

what was the UDHR

A

the document sought to ‘record a common understanding’ of the rights and freedoms that people and nations should recognise, observe and protect

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5
Q

who was Doctor Evatt

A

Doctor Evatt played an extremely important role and contribution in the process of the UDHR.

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6
Q

What did Doctor Evatt do

A

From April to June of 1945 he leg Australia’s delegation to the meetings held at San Francisco. These were the conferences formed to establish the UN’s mandate and charter. He also made sure that smaller nations would agree and adopt the proposals made. He fought for and organised the participation of smaller nations in discussions and decisions that would underpin the Un. He succeeded in doing this and increased the powers of the general assembly.

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7
Q

Significance of the Udhr

A

the UDHR was significant as it marked a pivotal moment in recognising everybody’s rights as a human being. It provided a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations.

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8
Q

what does UDHR stand for

A

Universal declaration of human rights

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9
Q

Terra Nullius definition

A

land belonging to no-one

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10
Q

Terra Nullius and Australia

A

According to 18th century law Australia was legally taken and settled by Captain Cook in 1788. Historians continue to argue this idea of settlement or invasion.

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11
Q

what are we asked to consider when talking about Australia’s settlement

A

we are asked to consider the aboriginal perspective, which was a key motivator in the aboriginal activism. In terms of arguing this point to be untrue.

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12
Q

assimilation defintion

A

a policy that forces people to conform to the attitudes, customs and beliefs of the majority of the population.

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13
Q

what did assimilation mean for indigenous australians

A

This meant that aboriginal people who were ‘not of full blood’ would conform to the white majority

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14
Q

when was assimilation introduced

A

after a 1937 conference on aboriginal affairs, the federal government introduced the policy of assimilation

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15
Q

what encouraged a new phase of the aboriginal peoples fight for rights

A

the assimilation policy and the celebration of the 150th Anniversary of British arrival

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16
Q

what was the 150th anniversary celebration considered as by the indigenous Australians

A

the 26th January 1938 was considered as a day to mourn instead of celebration

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17
Q

what day was the day of mourning

A

26th January 1938

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18
Q

what happened on the day of mourning

A

on this day aboriginal people were brought together to protest and mourn. it began with a march from Sydney town hall to the Australian hall in Elizabeth street. Here they demanded ‘ a new policy which will raise our people to full citizen status and equality within the community’. They issued a manifesto describing the situation of the aboriginal people and their expectations for change.

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19
Q

What happened at the day of mourning pt 2

A

Prime minister Joe Lyons met and listened to a 10 point plan outlining ways the government could achieve justice for aboriginal people. The prime minister states that the constitution did not allow the government to take control of aboriginal affairs

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20
Q

did the day of mourning achieve its goals

A

the protest did not achieve its main goals. However, what it did do was unite aboriginal people in a formal gathering demanding their civil rights as well as it made australians think about the appropriateness of the 26th January as a celebration.

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21
Q

What rights and freedoms were denied to aboriginals and torres strait islanders

A

deciding where they could live and work
limiting their access to their own wages
forbidding them the right to practise their own traditions
limiting their access to education
taking their children
denying them the rights to which other australians were entitled

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22
Q

what is kinship

A

special bonds that link an individual to the extended family group. This includes respect for elders, understanding of the dreaming through the support of family members and role models especially for the younger members.

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23
Q

By the late 1980s…

A

more than 100,000 people of aboriginal and torres strait islander descent had lost their family links, their understanding of kinship and their culture

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24
Q

what was the stolen genration

A

Aboriginal and torres strait islanders children who as children were separated from their families, usually by force by the government.

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25
when did the stolen generation begin
right from 1788 but began occurring more systematically towards the late 19th century and late 20th century
26
how did stealing aboriginal children begin occurring systematically
the government: created laws to allow them to do thus established protection boards to administer this policy gave power to police to implement the policy took over from parents their roles as their children's legal guardians
27
wards of the state defintion
In law, a ward is someone placed under the protection of a legal guardian. this is ironic
28
who did the government target with the stolen genration
they targeted mixed race children so that the aboriginal race would eventually 'die out'
29
what was the irony of the stolen generation and the government
the irony of the government's duty to protect its inhabitants but instead the apathy and disrespect shown towards the indigenous australians was made evident through the treatment of the indigenous Australians, especially in regards to the stolen generation
30
institutions, adoptions and fostering:
from the 1950's onwards in order to save money the government began to place more and more children into these places. Here they were commonly severely mistreated, abused physically, mentally and sexually
31
the kinchela boys home
it was considered one of the worst homes irony of the word home here they learnt a basic education, farming and basic manual labour discipline was strict, treatment was harsh and punishment was severe
32
home definition
the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household.
33
examples of kinchela boys home mistreatment
if a boy finished his morning work late he would not be provided with breakfast
34
when was the bringing them home report wittin
1997
35
what was the bringing them home report
the australian report of the national inquiry into the separation of indigenous children from their families. In the report it included personal stories of some of the horrors suffered by the victims of the stolen generation. The report took evidence form 535 people.
36
what did the bringing them home mark
it marked a pivotal moment in the controversy that has come to be known as the stolen generation.
37
experiences ( taught to reject their culture)
" my dark complexion was a problem" | Paul's story
38
experiences
``` psychologically abused physically abused sexually abused taught to reject their culture seperated from parents wards of the state reasons for why they were taken were faked tricked into giving up their children ```
39
experiences (reasons for taken were faked
"Mother is unable to provide adequate care of her son" | Paul's story
40
experiences (wards of the state)
Paul's story | "For 18 years, the state of Victoria referred to me as state ward no 54321"
41
Experiences (tricked into giving up their children"
Paul's story " the social welfare department of the Royal childrens hospital persuaded my mother to board me into st gabriels babies home"
42
experiences (seperated from parents)
Paul's story | "My mother never gave up trying to locate me"
43
John quote
"we'll always be prisoner while our files are in archives" the government needs to let them find their identity kinchella boys home
44
how many people over 50 were removed from their families
1/7 | australian institute of health and welfare
45
from this group what are the statistics
they are more likely to have been charged by the police, gone to jail and to have felt discriminated against australian institute of health and welfare
46
bringing them home report statistic
"between one in three and one in ten indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and communities in the period from 1910- 1970"
47
creative spirits facts
10% of children were sexually abused at institutes
48
physical abuse quote
one child spoke about having to bury the dead who had been beaten by drunken supervisors creative spirits
49
abuse quote girls
"one in 11 girls became pregnant, one in 12 died and one in seven ran away" aboriginal protection board ward registers
50
what were the effects of the assimilation policy
they were stripped of their identity as they were forced to conform they lost their freedom and right to express themselves as individuals it resulted in outrage (day of mourning protest)
51
what was the civil rights movement
a program of protest and civil disobedience undertaken by African Americans and their supported in the 1950's and 60's to overcome racist policies that denied them their civil rights.
52
what methods did activists use
court cases, boycotts, marches and civil disobedience were all used to make their fellow americans aware of the injustice of denying african americans their civil rights
53
what was the aim of the civil right movement
to protect against racist policies that denied people their civil rights
54
civil rights definition
the political and social rights and freedoms that anyone in a given society is entitled to as members of that society
55
what did state law say about segregation in the southern states
any african americans who tried to assert their rights were criminally charged
56
when did the freedom rides occur
1961 may to november
57
what was the intention of the freedom rides
to create a crisis to which the government would have to respond.
58
what was the result of the freedom rides
the riders were violently attacked during their protest but their resilience and determination to continue meant that the government had to act and began to introduce desegregation in september
59
bus set up
back of the bus=black front=white middle=mixed but whites always had priority
60
what happened in the freedom rides
the black and white freedom riders seated themselves across all of the areas of the bus, with black and white spread all around
61
what did the freedom rides inspire
the freedom riders inspired people worldwide with international media coverage. In Australia the civil rights campaigners were inspired by this form of protest that forced to government to take these issues seriously. Leaders were able to recognise the positive outcome the freedom riders achieved without using violent means. This paved the way for future australian demonstrations.
62
nsw freedom rides date
1965 12th Febuary
63
nsw freedom ride aims
to raise awareness of discrimination against aboriginal people and to try and re-address it.
64
nsw freedom rides wanted to address?
the criticism that australians were quick to champion the work of the us civil rights movement but slow to do anything to end racism in Australia
65
what happened nsw freedom rides
on the 12th february 1965 charles perkin led 28 others on a 14 day freedom ride around rural new south wales
66
impact of the nsw freedom rides
raised public awareness- brought images of this racist behaviour to the media. It created discussion and debate while placing pressure for reform. It showed that non-violent action could result in change
67
what was the 1967 referendum
It made it possible for the federal government to make laws for aboriginal people
68
what did the freedom rides do in term of the 1967 referendum
it put pressure on the government to remove discrimination against aboriginal people from the constitution
69
what percentage votes yes 1967 referendum
90.77% very high percentage however, no votes came from highly populated indigenous areas
70
what did the 1967 referendum increase
it increased momentum for change and for indigenous rights
71
what was the pressure for the referendum like
there was immense pressure placed for this referendum to occur. Campaigns were used to highlight the inequalities indigenous peoples suffered
72
what did this referedum show
the power of ordinary people to achieve change. The result was a public recognition of existence of Australia's indigenous peoples
73
practical benefits of the referendum
it actually had little practical benefits, with indigenous peoples suffering: inequities in pay and working conditions racism and discrimination land rights were still an issue
74
when were aboriginal people able to vote in australia
1962
75
what did the right to federally vote mean
aboriginal people could vote in federal elections regardless of the view of their state Government
76
conditions of the right to federally vote
it was not compulsory | but it also became an offence for anyone to use influencer bribery to stop them from enrolling to vote`
77
what was the mabo decision a turning point in
the mabo decision was a turning point in the recognition of land rights
78
what did the mabo decision overturn
it overturned the legal fiction that Australia had been terra nullius when the british took possession of it in 1788.
79
what did the mabo decision recognise
It instead recognised that indigenous Australians were the original owners of the land. it also recognised that native title existed as a result of customary law the legal system that existed in 1788
80
what is customary law
law passed down by word of mouth, that applies within different indigenous communities
81
what did the mabo decision mean
that indigenous people could make attempts to be recognised as legal owners of a particular area
82
what was the mabo case called
"mabo and other vs the state of Queensland 1992"
83
crown land definition
a term to describe land that the state owns and the government administers
84
what was the mabo decision brought on by
australian land becoming crown land. They wanted native title recognise.
85
native title definition
legal recognition of the existence of indigenous peoples law and land ownership before 1788
86
significance of the bringing them home report
it marked a pivotal moment in the healing journey of many stolen generation members, as their injustices were finally acknowledged by the government.
87
reconciliation policy
the policy of recognising past injustices towards indigenous australians and fostering understanding of how past events, policies and attitudes have shaped indigenous and non-indigenous relationships
88
when was the council for reconciliation act passed
1991
89
what did the reconciliation act identify
it identified reconciliation as a key goal in the period leading to the centenary of Australian federation
90
what did the act establish
the act established 25 members for aboriginal reconciliation with representative from indigenous peoples
91
what was the council's aims for all australians to recognise indigenous people
as traditional owners of the land | that they have suffered social and economic disadvantage as a result of their land being taken away from them
92
when did the national inquiry into the separation of indigenous children from their families begin
1995
93
What did the bringing them home report summarise
It summarised the rationale for policy, its negative impact and the continuing feelings of grief and loose that individuals and communities experienced while trying to gain some sense of identity
94
what did the bringing them report find about forcibly removing children from their parents was against
australia's legal standard and international human rights obligations
95
what did the bringing them home report identify to be the underlying motive for taking children
Racism and that they had the belief that their own culture was worthwhile and the indigenous culture was not.
96
the bringing them home report recommended that authorities:
formally apologise help families reunite and people to find their own cultural identities establish national compensation publicly recognise past injustices through education and a national sorry day
97
which prime minister rejected the bring them home report public apology
John Howard stating that "Australians of this generation should not be required to accept guilt and blame for past actions and policies over which they had no control"
98
when did the public apology occur
it wasn't until 13th February 2008 a formal apology was made by Kevin Rudd
99
What occured on March 2008
the 'closing the gap' commitment was also outlined. This seemed to promise a turning point in the commonwealths relationship with indigenous australians
100
common methods used by civil rights activists
``` protests petitions the media marches freedom rides rallies ```
101
who was Charles Perkins
he was an aboriginal activist who had a large role in the Australian civil rights movement. He was a pioneer for his people and a role model of considerable significance. He was a spokesperson for his people and encouraged while australians to get involved in the movement.
102
Charles perkins info
he became a national figure and a role model for aboriginal people throughout Australia. His freedom rides showed aboriginal australians that nonviolent action could result in change, His organisation of protests and public debate demonstrated both his leadership skills and his willingness to take action to demand change.
103
what did charles perkins work for
he campaigned all his life for the recognition of aboriginal rights. In 1981 the Fraser government appointed him secretary of the department of aboriginal affairs and thus the first aboriginal australian to head a federal government department.
104
what year was the un convention of the rights of the child
1990
105
what was the un convention on the rights of the child
it is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children
106
what did the un proclaim about the un convention on the rights of the child
that childhood is entitled to special care and assistant
107
guiding principles of the un convention on the rights of the child
``` non discrimination adherence to the best interests if the child the right to life survival and development the right to participate ```
108
what year was the declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples
2007
109
pre the declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples
despite the efforts that had been made in progress towards indigenous Australians gaining freedoms and having people and governments recognise their rights, they still face discrimination and lack of opportunity
110
what did the declaration formally establish
an international minimum standard for protecting indigenous peoples rights and for their treatment in accordance with these rights. It prohibited discrimination and supported indigenous peoples rights to pursue their own visions of economic and social development
111
declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples voting
143 voted in favor 11 abstention 4 voted no (one being Australia)
112
why was declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples important
after 25 years of discussions and disagreements about the wording of the declaration, this was a big achievement for the worlds 370 million indigenous peoples

History yearly (10) notes (2 decks)

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