Changing population Flashcards

Question

What is the net reproduction rate?

Answer 1

The average number of female children a woman has in her lifetime. If this figure is more than 1 the population is likely to grow

Answer 2

The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime

Answer 3

Status of women- assessed by gender related development index measuring inequality of sexes in education, life expectancy + standard of living. Empowerment causes decrease in TFR Healthcare- Decreases mortality rates so less births needed Level of education- More educated=less children as have more work based aspirations to improve standard of living Location- Rural tend to have more kids than urban as greater freedom, fewer educational opportunities and more rigid social pressures. However, some urban have high BR due to lots of young people there Religion- Most religions are pro-natalist and oppose contraception and sterilisation. Religions less followed in ACs so lower BR Health- Unhealthy women become pregnant more frequently as they experience more infant mortality and miscarriages Need for children- Children are needed for work as lbaour in agriculture for family income but now less agriculture lower BR. Also want for male heir drives increase briths Political- Government attempts to change the population growth for economic and strategic reasons either through incentives to encourage growth or sanctions to reduce growth

Answer 4

2021, Japan had the highest life expectancy at close to 85 years and Chad was the lowest at 52.5 years Globally, the African continent has the lowest average life expectancy at 61.7 years and Oceania the highest at 79.9 years Countries with a life expectancy of below 60 years are found in Sub-Saharan Africa due to conflict, poverty and the AIDS virus

Answer 5

Young dependents Old dependents Economically active (working population) Dependency ratio Male to female split

Answer 6

Migration can lead to an imbalance in the population structure e.g UAE has significantly more males than females with 29% of the population are males between the ages of 25 and 39 whereas only 10.5% of the population are women between 25-39. This is the result of the migration of males to the UAE to work in the oil, gas and construction industries

Answer 7

Increased pressure on services such as healthcare and schools A shortage of housing Increased traffic congestion Increased water and air pollution Shortage of food Lack of clean water

Answer 8

Population structures and pyramids can be divided into three age-group categories Young dependents (0-14) rely on their economically active parents to support them Economically active (15-64) the working population who earn income, pay taxes and contribute to the support of the young and elderly Elderly dependent (65+) no longer economically active and so rely on support from the state and younger family members

Answer 9

Dependency ratio = Population 0-15 or 65+/ Working population (15-64) In Niger ratio is 105 meaning for every 100 people of working age, 105 economically inactive young and elderly depend on them Japan it's 57 and Mexico is 48

Answer 10

Very high in LICs in stage 2 of the demographic transition model High in advanced HICs in stage 4 and 5 of the demographic transition model Lower in MICs in stage 3 of the demographic transition model

Answer 11

Assumes that people under 15 years and over 65 years (65+) are outside of the labour force e.g UK has a retirement age of 67 years (and set to increase) It assumes that everyone aged 15-64 are working e.g UK has a school leaving age of 18 years

Answer 12

25% are over 65 Lack of workers and resistance to foreign workers with 1/60 being an immigrant but in the UK it's 1/8 20% of prisoners are 65+ and within 5 years over 50% re offend. UK is 4% 65+ Cost of pensions and healthcare for their elderly

Answer 13

Positives: Improved education Higher wages Better employment opportunities Young, vibrant and fast paced Cultural diversity Social cohesion Increased economic growth Increased services and infrastructure Negatives: Overcrowding, expensive and inadequate housing (squatter settlements) Degraded water and sanitation Public and health services overstretched Employee protection limited or non-existent - informal employment or unemployment Fast-paced environment, noise and pollution can impact mental health Increased property prices and urban sprawl Social challenges - racial animosity, rise in crime rates Congestion and pollution

Answer 14

Migration is the movement of people across a specified boundary, national or international, to establish a new permanent or semi-permanent place of residence. UN defines permanent as over a year

Answer 15

Cyclic - these are journeys that begin and end at a place of origin such as commuting Periodic - longer time is spent away from the place of origin, but movement involves return at some point and includes university attendance, military service and migrant labour Migration - permanent move away, usually across significant distance either internally (within the same country) or internationally (to another country)

Answer 16

Push- Negative conditions at point of origin that encourages/ force people away Unemployment Low paid jobs Natural disasters Civil war Persecution Harsh climate Poor water supply

Answer 17

Pull- Positive factors at destination encouraging people to go there Better paid jobs Higher education Safer Join family More reliable food Chance to improve

Answer 18

A model with Location A with its push and pull factors and Location B with its push and pull factors. Between the two locations are intervening objects e.g money, language barriers. geographical barriers, healthcare and then there's also intervening places

Answer 19

Forced migration occurs when the individual, household or community have little to no choice but to leave their country or area Forced migration can be due to environmental and/or human factors Disaster-induced displacement e.g Californian wildfires Development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) e.g HS2, hydroelectric dams like the 3 gorges in China where 1.3 milion people were displaced Conflict-induced displacement e.g Syrian refugees Political-induced displacement e.g post-vietnam war hundreds of thousands fled persecution from comunist government as up to 300,000 put into 're-education camps'

Answer 20

Large numbers of forced migrants place strain on infrastructure, public services and government money particularly true if arrive in an LIC Finding accommodation is difficult and many are contained within camps, with deteriorating conditions, limited fresh water, food or clothing Increased animosity between people of different cultures - social tensions can rise, particularly if migrants are seen as 'taking' local jobs or bringing in different social customs and habits There can be a gender imbalance which can lead to over- or under-population Lower wages as migrants are happy to fill unskilled jobs for less pay Loss of key workers in the country of origin, leaving the country to struggle to maintain a standard of living Rise in informal employment Creation of ghettoes in urban areas - isolation and exclusion from the country's population and integration can be difficult

Answer 21

Increased cultural diversity Employment and skills opportunities to meet social and cultural differences Businesses have a source of cheap labour and higher profits as migrants are happy to work anywhere Migrants will send remittances back to families at home Migrants pay tax thereby helping contribute to the economy It lowers the unemployment rate in the country of origin aiding dependency ratio

Answer 22

Access to healthcare, and contraception An increase in women's education and participation in the workforce Decreased infant and child mortality, reducing the need to have more children Urbanisation and lack of space for large families Cultural and societal norms e.g religious and cultural beliefs and children are seen as economic assets to contribute to family income and status Government policy restricting or encouraging family size (anti-natal policy)

Answer 23

Biological factors - Typically more males born, but male mortality is typically higher and female life expectancy higher Cultural and social factors - some societies have a preference for male offspring leading to more abortions of girls Technological factors- improvements in fertility treatments and selective gender choices Economic factors - heirs, dowries that cost families lots

Answer 24

Struggles with maintaining birth rate Can create a declining population with fewer male workers entering the workforce, leading to a shrinking economy and reduced GDP An unbalanced sex ratio affects crime rates, marital stability, and a woman's decisions to either focus on a career or start a family

Answer 25

Higher life expectancy due to good healthcare, sanitation and hygiene and access to clean water and a healthy diet Low birth rates- Emancipation of women, the cost raising a kid, immigrants that in the short term offsets ageing population but they will get old and 2nd and 3rd generations of immigrants are having less children than their native country e.g India is 4.4 but Indian immigrants is 2.4

Answer 26

Increase costs on residential accommodation, social services, health care, and pensions Services such as schools, sports centres, etc. decline as they are not used by older residents Family budgets can increase if looking after an aged relative Increase in the dependency ratio A smaller workforce means less taxation so less money for education, transport, social amenities etc.

Answer 27

Crime rates reduce The grey pound/economy as have disposable income and companies like SAGA thrive Increased opportunities for volunteering and community activism as elderly people have experience Longer working lives and have lots of experience More family time and can act as a nanny service. In Japan and South africa, there's the 'granny culture' where elderly look after grandchildren to allow parents to work

Answer 28

International Labour Organisation estimates 49.6 million are tapped in modern slavery and it is an industry worth $150 billion/year. 12% of all of those in forced labour are children, with more than half in commercial sexual exploitation and Asia and Pacific regions have highest number in forced labour.

Answer 29

The most common goods are: Cotton Coffee Rice Clothing, footwear and textiles (carpets) Gold, coal and diamonds

Answer 30

Governments can raise public awareness and design policies that prevent trafficking including identifying the country of origin where trafficking starts and working with their government to cut the problem at the root. Governments can also ensure there is up to date registration of all births and registration of migration into an area to prevent trafficking. 90% of countries agreed to the UN 2003 Protocol to Prevent Support and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children Increases persecution of trafficking in countries that previously had no specific laws against it e.g Eight countries in Africa and the Middle East

Answer 31

2022, 5,600 human traffickers were convicted worldwide, an increase of around 300 convictions from the year before and 30% lower than pre-Covid-19 which stood at 9548 convictions Governments and NGOs believe that confiscating proceeds from crime is an effective punishment because it: Deters and disrupts criminal activity Cuts off funding Creates the image that 'crime doesn't pay' Wins public support

Answer 32

Increase in workforce and women are more likely to go into education and get a job A economic growth triggers wages and quality of life to increase so more disposable income to purchase goods and services, growing economy more

Answer 33

The growth in an economy of a country as a result of a change in the age structure of a country. It typically last 50 years and by the end of the 50 years, countries have transitioned from rural society w/ high BR and DR to an urban industrial society with low BR and DR.