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AY13 GB History - 1 Changing Political & Economic Environment, 1918-79 > (Changing political landscape) Changes in political parties, 1918-1931 > Flashcards

(Changing political landscape) Changes in political parties, 1918-1931 Flashcards

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1
Q

Liberal split - When was the first election that the liberals lost in?
What three following elections did they lose?

A

1922

1924, 1929 & 1931

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2
Q

Liberal split - What was the root cause in the split of the Liberal party?
Why was this?

A

Defence of the Realm Act

DORA received support from MPs whilst others opposed it as it was deemed to be illiberal.

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3
Q

Liberal split - What are 3 examples of what happened as a result of DORA?

A

Diluted beers in pubs

Censorship in the media

Food rationing

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4
Q

Liberal split - What was conscription?

A

Forcing people to serve in the army.

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5
Q

Liberal split - ______ did not apply __________. ______ did, which improved his __________.

A

a) Asquith
b) conscription
b) DLG
c) social standing

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6
Q

Liberal split - When was the Maurice debate?

Who was Maurice?

A

1918

A WW1 General

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7
Q

Liberal split - What did Maurice argue in the Maurice Debate?

A

Statistics showed DLG was giving military resources to Palestine and not giving soldiers correct equipment.

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8
Q

Liberal split - Why did Maurice’s argument backfire in the Maurice Debate?

A

DLG was an excellent orator.

He denied everything, claiming Maurice’s resources were unreliable.

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9
Q

Liberal split - How did the Maurice debate affect the Liberal split?

A

Made it ‘terminal’

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10
Q

Liberal split - How did The Representation of the People Act of 1918 affect the Liberal Party?

(2)

A

Women & WC men were less likely to vote for liberals, causing a decline.

Trebled the British franchise from 7.7 million to 21.4 million people.

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11
Q

Liberal split - How should The Representation of the People Act of 1918 be considered in terms of impacting the split in the Liberal party?

A

As a small cause because things weren’t changed to a drastic extent.

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12
Q

Liberal split - How did public instability in the party affect the liberals?

A

Discouraged people from voting.

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13
Q

Liberal split - What 2 notable things happened during the 1918 Coupon Election?

A

Two liberal parties were formed - DLG’s & Asquith’s.

The conservatives formed a coalition with DLG’s liberal party.

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14
Q

Liberal split - the conservatives formed a coalition with DLG’s party in the 1918 Coupon Election because they were ________ to ______ to _____ & knew DLG was ______ & _______, using the liberal’s ______ to their ________.

A

a) desperate
b) return
c) office
d) unstable
e) disliked
f) instability
g) advantages

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15
Q

Liberal split - When did David Lloyd George’s scandals come to light?

A

1922

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16
Q

Liberal split - Explain both of David Lloyd George’s scandals.

A

Sold knighthoods & peerages, amassing huge political fortune - knighthoods bought for £10,000 & refused to share with liberals unless they followed his ideas.

Threatened war with Turkey over the peace treaty in Chanak Incident - seemed disconnected & insensitive after WW1.

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17
Q

Liberal split - How did the 1918 Coupon Election affect Asquith?

A

His leadership never recovered.

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18
Q

Liberal split - What was the relationship between and the Conservatives and the Liberals like during the coalition government?

A

The liberals were dependent on the conservatives and had a weak position.

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19
Q

Liberal split - How did vote for the Liberal party change in the 1924 election?

A

They fell by 12%.

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20
Q

Liberal split - In what election did votes for the Liberal party fall by 12%?

A

1924

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21
Q

Liberal split - In what election did votes for the Liberal party fall by 12%?

A

1924

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22
Q

Liberal split - How did David Lloyd George try to save the Liberal party in 1926?
How successful was this?

A

He wrote the “Yellow Book”, outlining the Liberal’s policies.

People did not like the policies outlined and the book backfired.

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23
Q

Liberal split - What 4 things happened as an IMPACT of the Coupon Election 1918?

A

Asquith’s leadership never recovered.
DLG’s Liberals had weak position, dependent on Conservatives.
Liberal split deepened.
DLG tried to make coalition permanent with the ‘Centre Party’ which failed.

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24
Q

Liberal split - When was the Coupon Election?

A

1918

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25
Q

Liberal split - how had DLG made his name?

A

A champion of limiting the rights of the privileged and the man who ‘won the war’.

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26
Q

Liberal split - how was DLG portrayed after the scandals?

A

Corrupt and a warmonger

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27
Q

Liberal split - why did the conservatives withdraw from the coalition government?
What did this force DLG to do?

A

The scandals

Resign

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28
Q

Liberal split - what happen in the subsequent election, following the conservative’s withdrawal from the coalition?

A

The conservatives won a handsome majority, with DLG’s liberals in 3rd, and labour in 2nd.

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29
Q

Liberal split - what were significant reasons as to why the liberals lost the 1922 GE?

A

Personal unpopularity

Divisions between liberals

Rise of labour

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30
Q

Liberal split - what was the context surrounding the liberals campaigns in the 1922, 1923 and 1924 GE?

A

Lacked proper funds to run successful campaigns or field as many candidates as conservative/labour.

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31
Q

Liberal split - part of the reason the 1922, 1923 and 1924 GE was because they failed to field as many candidates as conservative and labour.
Why was this?

A

DLG withheld funds from liberals unless they gave him full support.

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32
Q

Liberal split - how did their share of the vote change in the 1924 election?
Why?

A

Fell by 12%

Liberals lost confidence of traditional voter as many turned to conservatives.

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33
Q

Liberal split - what was DLG able to do in 1926 following Asquith’s resignation?

A

Reunite the liberals.

34
Q

Conservative dominance - when did the conservatives have the most success?

A

1918-1939, interwar years.

35
Q

Conservative dominance - explain nationalism.

A

The government should run certain industries.

36
Q

Conservative dominance - what does FPTP stand for?

A

First past the post

37
Q

Conservative dominance - how did people get seats in the House of Lords?
How did this affect the conservatives?

A

Inheritance

They were rich and voted Conservative

38
Q

Conservative dominance - what is plural voting?

A

People who worked or lived in two different areas could vote more than once.

39
Q

Conservative dominance - how did voting boundary changes come about?

A

FPTP and plural voting.

40
Q

Conservative dominance - how many days were lost to strikes in 1926?

A

323 across different industries.

41
Q

Conservative dominance - in what year were 323 days lost to strikes across different industries?

A

1926

42
Q

Conservative dominance - what were ‘One Nation Individuals’?

Who was considered to be one?

A

People who believe the rich should care for everyone.

Stanley Baldwin - leader of Conservative party.

43
Q

Conservative dominance - what are the 5 main reasons as to why the Conservative party gained popularity?

A 
Boundary changes.
Weaknesses in other parties
Effective party unity & organisation.
Strikes pushed middle class to conservatives.
Baldwin was effective & competent.
44
Q

Conservative dominance - how BOUNDARY CHANGES helped Conservative in Interwar Years:
_________.
Changes in _________ gave ________ _______ more __________.
____ of ___ from Parliament in 19__ when _________ gained _________ meant ___ ______-supporting ________ MPs were ____.

A

a) plural voting
b) constituencies, middle-class suburbs, representation
c) loss, MPs, 1921, Irish free state, independence, 80, liberal-supporting Nationalist, lost

45
Q

Conservative dominance - how WEAKNESSES IN THE LIBERAL/LABOUR PARTY helped the Conservatives in Interwar Years:
________ of ____.
Lack of ___________ - ______ Liberals split & became _________, forming a close ____ with _________.
________ Labour ______ across the ______ - only _______ in ____________.

A

a) mistakes of DLG
b) healthy opposition, right-wing, national liberals, ally, conservatives
c) limited, support, country, popular, industrial, heartlands

46
Q

Conservative dominance - how STANLEY BALDWIN’S EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP helped Conservatives in Interwar Years:
________ Liberals as ________ attracted ________ votes through ______, _________ & ________.
He was an excellent ______ & presented himself as a ‘__________________’, continuing with _________.
________ wasn’t a ________.
Reputation for _____________, promoting ______________ which attracted _____________.

A

a) weakened, rebranding, working-class, empire, patriotism, defence
b) orator, ‘straight-talking man of the people, rebranding
c) funding, problem
d) economic competence, good working relationships, wealthy liberals

47
Q

Conservative dominance - how EFFECTIVE PARTY UNITY & ORGANISATION helped Conservatives in Interwar Years:
Lots of ______ - got more ________ and ________ new _________, eg the ______.
Good ________ of ________ and ________ of _______________.
Good ____________ - the 19__ C__________ R______ D__________ was responsible for ________, ________ & party _________, eg ________.

A

a) funding, candidates, exploited, technology, cinema
b) structure, branches, network, professional agents
c) internal organisation, 1929 Conservative Research Department, speeches, research, party documents eg manifestos

48
Q

Conservative dominance - when did plural voting remain in place until?

A

1948

49
Q

Conservative dominance - what happened to constituency boundaries in 1918?

A

Redrawn to reflect population movements.

50
Q

Conservative dominance - in 1921, the Irish Free State gained independence which resulted in a ____ of ____ ________ MP’s who had _______ the Liberals.
In contrast, __________ continued to receive _______ from ____ ___________ MPs.

A

a) loss, 80, nationalist, supported, liberals

b) conservatives, support, 10 Northern Irish

51
Q

Conservative dominance - why did conservatives agree to a coalition government?

A

The number of MPs they would win would allow them to influence the governing of the country and withdraw support at a time that was opportune for their long-term success.

52
Q

Conservative dominance - give evidence of the conservatives having major influence in the coalition government.

A

Out of 459 seats the DLG liberals/conservatives won, conservatives won 332.

53
Q

Conservative dominance - what was the Geddes Axe 1921?

Give a specific example of its impact.

A

Cuts to public spending (DLG) due to economic problems.

Health, welfare & housing budgets fell from £205 million in 1920-21 to £182 million in 1922-23.

54
Q

Conservative dominance - why did the Geddes Axe 1921 help the conservatives during the coalition government?

A

DLG led the government so liberals were blamed - although it was unavoidable due to the deep nature of the interwar recession.

55
Q

Labour’s growth - what did labour struggle to do?

A

Establish themselves outside of traditional working class heartlands.

56
Q

Labour’s growth - why did labour’s agenda sometimes appear threatening?

A

There was a healthy fear of socialism, particularly following 1926 General Strike.

57
Q

Conservative dominance - in 19__, the labour government was deeply ________ on how to handle the _______ ____ and were _________ in the GE of that year - the ________ __________ was established.

A

a) 1931
b) divided
c) economic crisis
d) decimated
e) National Government

58
Q

Labour’s growth - the 1926 General Strike pushed middle-class voters to conservative.
On ___ May 1926, _____ announced _______ would ____ to support ______ locked out of a _______.
The country ground to a ______ and ________ workers ________ to get the country ________.
IMPACT = created a sense of ___________, particularly as the ____ came out in ______ of the _________.
The ______ and ______ impact led to people associating the _______ with __________ revolution and ______ of _______ minded _____ grew.

A

a) 4th, TUCs, members, strike, miners, pay dispute
b) standstill, middle-class, volunteered, functioning
c) class warfare, BBC, support, government
d) militancy, widespread, disruption, working-class, suspicion, socialist, labour

59
Q

Labour’s growth - when labour WAS successful in the interwar years, it was for __________ & they didn’t establish _____ with the _______ the same way _________ did.

A

a) short periods
b) trust
c) electorate
d) conservatives

60
Q

Labour’s growth - labour’s relationship with the Trade Union Congress = the _____ financial ______ of labour was the ____, and so they always expected ______ in __________, which seemed like ________ to the wider _____.
Even when the ______ government stood up to the ____, ______ was caused.

A

a) major, backer, TUC, support, wage disputes, special interests, public
b) labour, TUC, damage

61
Q

Labour’s growth - the TUC always expected support from labour as they were their major financial backer.
Even when labour stood up to the TUC, damage was caused.
Give evidence of this.

A

In 1924, during a Transport Workers Strike, Prime Minister Ramsey MacDonald called the army to move essential supplies. Many Unionists felt betrayed and left the labour.

62
Q

Labour’s growth - the Campbell affair and Zinoviev letter brought into question labour’s fitness to govern.
Campbell, a ________ magazine ______, was ______ to trying to incite ________ and the ______ Attorney General ________ the ______.
________ the support ______ gave labour in 19__ for them to _____ effectively. The _____ government _______.

The _________ later (in 19___ election ______) published a _____ from a ___________ named ______, where he advised the _____ on how to bring about _________.
The letter was ____ but damaged the ________ of ______.

A

a) communist, editor, accused, revolution, labour, removed, charge
b) broke down, liberals, 1924, govern, labour, resigned
c) Daily Mail, 1924, campaign, letter, Russian Communist, Zinoviev, CPGB, revolution
d) fake, perception, labour

63
Q

Conservative dominance - context = ________ began in 18__s, moving away from the party of ______ to ‘_________’, promoting ______, ______ and ______, which attracted ___________ voters.

A

a) rebranding
b) 1870s
c) wealth
d) ‘one nation tories’
e) empire, patriotism and defence
d) working-class

64
Q

Conservative dominance - who was the dominant figure in the conservative party in the interwar years?

A

Stanley Baldwin

65
Q

Conservative dominance - when was Stanley Baldwin leader?

What did he do/how did he present himself?

A

1923-1937

Continued rebranding & presented himself as a ‘straight-talking man of the people’.
He was successful in his ‘Safety First’ campaign, excluding the complacent election year in 1929 when labour won.

66
Q

Conservative dominance - although he owned a _______ in the _____ industry, Baldwin was known to run his factories ______ and promoted good _________ relationships between ________ and ________.

A

a) fortune
b) steel
c) fairly
d) working
e) employers & workers

67
Q

Conservative dominance - Baldwin promoted good working relationships. What did this mean for his reputation?

A

He gained a reputation for economic competence, helping gain support from traditional voters and wealthy, middle class liberals.

68
Q

Conservative dominance - how Baldwin affected the coalition government:
In 19__, he supported _______, taking away the _____ that united _____, before returning to ________ in 19__.
It was _____ to help election ______ but returning to ________ damaged the ______ in the 19__.

A

a) 1922
b) free trade
c) policy
d) liberals
e) protectionism
f) 1924
g) tactical
h) prospects
i) protectionism
j) economy
k) 1920s

69
Q

Conservative dominance - how did Baldwin change the structure of the conservative party?

A

Developed a true national party structure with organised local branches & a network of professional agents.

70
Q

Conservative dominance - Baldwin developed the ___________ of the conservative party by setting up the C______ R______ D_______ in 19__ which was responsible for ______, ______ and __________ like ___________.

A

a) internal organisation
b) Conservative Research Department
c) 1929
d) research, speeches and party documents
e) election manifestos

71
Q

Labour growth - ROPA extended the electorate by _________ people, including _____, _________ men who made up __% of the electorate, as well as some _____________.

A

a) 13 million
b) young, working-class
c) 80%
d) working-class women

72
Q

Conservative dominance - what percentage of the working-class had become natural Conservative voters?

A

25%

73
Q

Liberal split - how was the ROPA bad for liberals?

A

They failed to win over working-class voters as labour was very effective.

74
Q

Liberal split/labour growth - give evidence of the new influx of voters due to ROPA led to a rise in labour’s power and decline in liberal’s.

A

1910-1923 = labour had 7.1% of vote to 30.5%.

Liberals had 42.9% to 29.6%.

75
Q

Liberal split - why should ROPA not be overstated?

2

A

Working-class vote didn’t increase to the extent where it could’ve led to such a decline in Liberal seats.

Liberals failed to challenge the development of FPTP and this only really damaged the Liberals in the 1930s when the decline was too far gone.

76
Q

Labour growth - What are 4 general ways in which the Labour Party grew in the Interwar Years?

A

Independence from Liberals

Party unity

Development of grassroots organisation

Changes to the voting law in 1918

77
Q

Labour growth - How did independence from the Liberal party help the Labour party?

(2)

A

Swept up former Liberal support after 1923.

Established a new identity, promoting free trade, internationalism and social reform.

78
Q

Labour growth - How did party unity help the Labour party?

3

A

Didn’t get involved in wartime government and remained involved on working-class issues.

Made a strong claim of representing the working-class.

Arthur Henderson was the first Labour leader to sit at cabinet-level.

79
Q

Labour growth - How did changes to the voting law in 1918 help the Labour party?

(3)

A

Labour had a successful anti-German stance.

ROPA trebled British franchise from 7.7 to 21.4 million - not entirely clear how effective this was.

They got 2.2 million votes, working at the expense of the Liberal party.

80
Q

Labour growth - How did the development of grassroots organisation help the Labour party?

(2)

A

Local offices were set up and by 1924, only 19 constituencies didn’t have a Labour party local office.

TUs tried to provide funding and show support - still a lack of funding though & distortion of funding for campaigns in winnable areas.

AY13 GB History - 1 Changing Political & Economic Environment, 1918-79 (10 decks)

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