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9GEO_S > Changing Places > Flashcards

Changing Places Flashcards

1
Q

Define Urbanisation

A

increase in proportion of people living in urban areas

movement of people from rural areas to large cities.

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2
Q

What is the Replacement Rate? Number and what it means

A

2.11 = rate of babies per woman for population to stay the same

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3
Q

What is the 0.11 extra in the replacement rate

A

0.11 is the percent that die in childbirth

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4
Q

What do cities do for people

A
  1. bring people together
  2. connect ideas
  3. expand human knowledge
  4. allow for skill specialisation
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5
Q

Define GDP

A

Gross Domestic Product
value of all the goods and services produced in an economy/country during a certain time period

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6
Q

State the percentage of GDP generated by Cities

A

80%

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7
Q

Define the City Proper ((according to the UN))

A

A city according to an administrative boundary.

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8
Q

Define an Urban Agglomeration ((according to the UN))

A

The city proper plus suburbs; the extent of the built-up area

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9
Q

Define an Metropolitan Area according to the UN

A

An area defined by the degree of economic/social interconnectedness w/ neary areas

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10
Q

What is the UN definition of a city

A

Places with at least 300 000 inhabitants.

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11
Q

Define Megacity

A

A city with more than 10 million inhabitents

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12
Q

Define Spatial Distribution

A

how things are arranged on earth’s surface.

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13
Q

What are 4 key components of spatial distribution in geography

A
  • resources
  • activities
  • human demographics
  • features of the landscape
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14
Q

List the 3 Patterns of Spatial Distribution

A

A uniform distribution
A random distribution
A clustered distribution

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15
Q

Define a Uniform Pattern of Spatial Distribution

A

when each data point is spaced within relatively equal distance.

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16
Q

Define a Random Pattern of Spatial Distribution

A

no direct correlation between data points

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17
Q

Define a Clustered Pattern of Spatial Distribution

A

points that clearly related to each other and may not be exactly evenly spaced.

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18
Q

What do Clustered patterns of spatial distribution show us?

A

shows people are coming together based on some shared experience.

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19
Q

Define Internal Migration

A

the movement of people between different regions in the same country

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20
Q

Why does Internal Migration Occur

A

These migrants come in search of employment and education opportunities and a better standard of living.

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21
Q

Define Pull Factors

A

Pull Factors: Factors that attract people to a new place.

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22
Q

Define Push Factors

A

Push Factors: Factors that motivate people to leave their place of residence

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23
Q

Define Quality of life

A

the happiness, wellbeing and satisfaction of a person

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24
Q

How is Standard of living measured

A

measured in terms of a person’s possessions Eg. having a house, car and computer.

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25
Q

List the Social Advantages of Cities (3)

A
  1. Access to Services
  2. Cultural Enrichment
  3. Social Interaction
26
Q

Define Access to Services

A

Access to Services: schools, hospitals and other essential services such as water, electricity, communications such as internet & phone, public transport etc

27
Q

Define Cultural Enrichment

A

Access to a wider range of products & services

((Includes non-essentials such as shopping, movies, art galleries, sports, entertainment events.))

28
Q

Define Social Interraction

A

so many people to interact with

opportunity for people to find a neighbourhood or community with a shared culture or value system.

29
Q

List the Social Disadvantages of Cities

A

Social Disadvantages of Cities
1. Over-crowding
2. Rising cost of living
3. Waiting times for services
4. Higher Crime (unemployment)
5. Isolation

30
Q

List the 3 things that are more expensive with a rising cost of living, + reason

A
  1. Houses
  2. Food
  3. Utilities
    The result of more people competing for resources than can be supplied
31
Q

Outline the Social Consequences of Urbanisation in China for Workers (3)

A
  1. Employed in low-paid and dangerous jobs
  2. long working hours, 6 or 7 days a week
  3. cramped/poor housing
32
Q

Outline the Hukou System

A

The Hukou system is a the Chinese residency permit system, where people are officially classified as rural or urban workers.
It was put in place to stop mass-migration to cities from putting pressure on government services.
While migrants can work in urban areas, they have to pay for government services.

33
Q

Outline the affect the Hukou System has on families

A

The Hukou System effectively stops parents from taking their kids with them to the cities. This is because where you are born, you get free public services, but if you move, you have to pay for them, which is too expensive for most people

34
Q

What impacts of cities on the environment

A
  • enormous stress on the natural environments
    ((Eg. Land Cleared, Rivers diverted, Native flora and fauna becomes threatened))
    - pollution: air, water and soil
    ((Factories, waste, transportation of people and products))
35
Q

How many of the world’s 10 most polluted cities are in China? What causes this? How many deaths result from this?

A

7/10
Caused by factories and cars
300 000 deaths each year due to air pollution

36
Q

How many people in China don’s have access to clean water

A

300 million

37
Q

How many people drink water below WHO standards

A

700 million

38
Q

What percentage of China’s rivers and too polluted to fish from

A

80%

39
Q

What are the economic benefits/advantages of cities for people (2)

A

access to employment and income
access to infrastructure

40
Q

What are the economic benefits/advantages of cities for companies (3)

A

Access to workers
Access to a large customer base
Access to transport links for trade

41
Q

Define Infrastructure

A

Infrastructure refers to the basic facilities and installations that help a government or community run.

Eg. roads, schools, hospitals, phone lines, sewage treatment plants, gas & electricity generation.

42
Q

Outline the 4 economic benefits of urbanisation in china

A

2011 - China had world’s second largest economy

2011 - Largest importer and exporter of goods in the world

Significant decrease in people living in poverty

Increase in number of urban residents generates economic activity, especially because they require housing

43
Q

List 2 types of urban dynamics

A

Urban Consolidation
Urban Sprawl

44
Q

Define Urban Sprawl

A

The SPREADING OUT of a city and it’s suburbs over more and more rural land

45
Q

Define Urban Consolidation

A

The process of increasing or maintaining the density of
housing in established residential areas.
Often through densification, high rise development and urban renewal

46
Q

Define Urban Settlement

A

large permanent settlement, build with a relatively dense population compared to it’s hinterland

47
Q

Define hinterland

A

Hinterland: The remote areas of a country away from the coast or the banks of major rivers.

48
Q

Define Internal Migration

A

Internal Migration: The movement of an individual or group of people from one region of a country to another region of the same country

49
Q

Where was the first Megacity and When

A

1950= 1 megacity –> NYC

50
Q

How many megacities are there now

A

Now= 23 megacities

51
Q

Where are most of the top 10 mega cities

A

Asia

52
Q

How many of the top 10 megacities are in Asia

A

7 of the top 10 being in Asia

53
Q

How is Sydney city measured

A

Sydney, Australia, is measured using its “metropolitan area”.

54
Q

What percentage of cities are measured using their Urban Agglomeration

A

55%

55
Q

What percentage of cities are defined using their city proper

A

35%

56
Q

What percentage of cities are defined using their metropolitan areas

A

10%

57
Q

How are Metropolitan Areas sometimes identified identified

A

by interlinked commerce or commuting patterns

58
Q

____ of workers in China do not have contracts. This means that they cannot _______________

A

40%
Can’t complain to government about poor working conditions, bullying, harassment, etc

59
Q

___ of workers in China are entitled to a pension

A

21.3%

60
Q

___ of workers in China get unemployment benefits

A

8.5%

9GEO_S (2 decks)

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