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(Human) Geography > Changing Places > Flashcards

Changing Places Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a place?

A

A space with a meaning

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2
Q

What is a space?

A

An area with no meaning

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3
Q

What is ‘perception of place’?

A
  • places are viewed differently by different people
  • can be influenced by media/personal experience
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4
Q

What is a ‘near place’?

A
  • surrounding district or neighbourhood
  • a place close to your heart
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5
Q

What is a ‘far place’?

A
  • places that are geographically far
  • places you have no emotional connection to
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6
Q

What is ‘locale’?

A

the place where something happens or has particular events associated with it

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7
Q

what is ‘sense of place’?

A

subjective + emotional attachment to a place

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8
Q

what is ‘location’?

A

geographical - where it is located on the map - latitude/longitude

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9
Q

what is ‘intersectionality’?

A

(Kimberlé Crenshaw)
One person does not have one characteristic that makes up their identity

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10
Q

what is the ‘tourist gaze’?

A
  • organised by business entrepreneurs and governments + consumed by public – controls the way we see a place (designed for tourists)
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11
Q

descriptive approach to place …

A
  • the idea that the world is a set of places + each place can be studied/is distinct
  • generally involves describing the physical aspects of an area + its characteristics
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12
Q

social constructionist approach to place …

A
  • humans create + sustain all social phenomena through social practices
  • regards to as a product/construct of a particular set of social processes occurring at a particular time. It is social processes that help to create places
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13
Q

phenomenological approach to place …

A
  • involves how an individual person experiences place, recognising a highly personal relationship between place + person
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14
Q

what are factors that affect our attachment to place?

A
  • friends and family living in this place
  • experiences surrounding a place
  • length of residence
  • if you feel safe/happy/welcome etc
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15
Q

how is place attachment influenced by the quality or intensity of the experience we have there?

A

positive correlation between ‘intensity of the experience’ and ‘attachment’ – greater the ‘intensity of the experience’ the greater the ‘attachment’

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16
Q

Identity can be evident at a number of scales … what are these?

A
  • localism
  • regionalism
  • nationalism
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17
Q

what is ‘localism’ relating to identity?

A

an affection for an emotional ownership of a particular place

rarely manifests it in a political sense but can do in nimbylism (the behaviour of someone who doesn’t want something to be built or done near where they live, although it does need to be or done somewhere)

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18
Q

what is ‘regionalism’ relating to identity?

A

conscious of and loyal to a distinct region

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19
Q

what is ‘nationalism’ relating to identity?

A

loyal + devoted to a nation creates a sense of national consciousness

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20
Q

what is an ‘insider’?

A

people who feel like they belong in a certain place + that is their home

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21
Q

what is an ‘outsider’?

A

people who feel out of place in a certain place + they don’t feel like they belong

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22
Q

what is spatial exclusion?

A

geographical unequal distribution of resources between advantaged + disadvantaged areas such as healthcare + public services

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23
Q

what is social exclusion?

A

individuals don’t have the same rights + opportunities as perhaps others may in the exact same situation

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24
Q

What are gated communities?

A

enclosed housing estates where access is strictly controlled - only residents can go in/out

in larger gated communities there would be shared local amenities as well so it is possible to complete daily activities without leaving

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25
Q

what are fortress developments?

A

developments planned around a high level of surveillance + security

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26
Q

what does it mean to belong to a place?

A
  • to be part of a community
  • belonging is increasingly seen as one of the key factors that make a place sustainable + successful
  • regeneration schemes now focus on social environment as well as built environment
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27
Q

what factors might affect a sense of belonging to a place?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • ethnicity
  • sexuality
  • socio-economic status
  • religion
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28
Q

what is ‘sense of dislocation’?

A

issues such as rented accommodation or having short term housing tenancies can make some people feel dislocated from a certain place

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29
Q

what is the Anfield Project?

A

redevelopment project by Liverpool City council, LFC and ‘Your Housing Group’

been in place since 2013

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30
Q

what does the Anfield Project aim to do?

A

aims to improve existing strengths of the Anfield area

developments:

  • new + refurbished housing
  • new street lighting, parks + refurbished alleyways
  • expansion of LFC Anfield Stadium
  • Anfield Square = new public square (will include commercial + retail space + a new hotel)
  • new retail premises along the High Street, incl. a new LFC superstore + café

expansion of Anfield stadium has created over 1000 new match day jobs

31
Q

what is an ‘experienced place’?

A

a place we have experienced/ spent time in + gained a connection (phenomenological approach)

32
Q

what is a ‘media place’?

A

places we have only experienced/witnessed through the media (sociological constructionist approach)

33
Q

what are agents of change?

A

these are the people who impact a place whether through living, working, or trying to improve that place

E.g.s. could include residents/community groups, corporate entities, the local government or the media

34
Q

what is globalisation?

A

a process by which national economies, societies + cultures have become increasingly integrated through the global network of trade, communication, transport + immigration

35
Q

what are clone towns?

A

settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores

high streets and shopping centres are beginning to lose their identity + individuality

36
Q

what is placelessness?

A

loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that place looks like the next

37
Q

what is a TNC?

A

Transnational corporation (e.g. Coca Cola)

38
Q

what is global marketing?

A

focus on marketing an organisation’s products or services in the international marketplace

39
Q

what are the impacts of global marketing and globalisation?

A

less economically developed countries (LICs) have become newly industrialised countries (NEEs) which enabled them to set their own commercial bases allowing them to spread their wings globally

TNCs caused a lot of decentralisation as a result

decline to the CBD (central business district) shops moving out + into retail parks etc due to lower land + labour costs + incentives from govt to relocate

40
Q

what is glocalisation?

A

some places + cultures resist the power of globalisation + insist on maintaining some individuality

E.g. Anti-Costa campaign in Devon (2012)

41
Q

what is localisation?

A
  • places fighting against global capitalism
  • focus on own goods + services

Totnes in Devon (anti-costa campaign) have introduced their own currency - the Lake District has also done this – it encourages people to spend money in their own community

42
Q

The Anti-Devon Campaign…

A

the proposed plans were for a Costa Coffee open a branch - 70 seat outlet

the plans were opposed by the local “say no to costa” campaign + the Totnes Mayor and the town’s MP (at the time)

43
Q

What are Endogenous factors?

A
  • internal factors that help shape character of a place
  • can be physical as well as human

Land use- agricultural, urban, industrial

Topography- hills, mountains, etc

Physical geography- floodplain, river valley, geology

Economic characteristics- job sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

Location- height above sea level, coastal location, etc

Built environment- Georgian, Victorian, Edwardian, Modernist, high-tech

Demographic characteristics- ageing/youthful population, ethnic make-up, etc

Infrastructure- motorways/single track lanes, rail connections, distance to an airport

44
Q

what are Exogenous factors?

A
  • external factors that help shape the character of a place
  • these are generally the relationships that a place has with other places that affect its character

Ideas - entrepreneurs may move to an area + bring new businesses with them - designers can drive creative processes within an area

People- impact of tourists, workers, migrants, refugees can change an area overtime

Resources- availability of raw materials, products, food, water + energy

Money + investment- trade deals, tax, major investment, major event (e.g. olympics)

45
Q

how can rural areas be classified?

A
  • accessible rural villages (suburbanised villages)
  • villages in national parks or areas of attractive scenery
  • the most remote rural villages
46
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

migration of people from major urban areas to smaller rural settlements

leads to growth of rural areas beyond the main city

47
Q

Urban change in Uppermill…

(Accessible rural villages - suburbanised villages)

A

changes:
- 2001 to 2011 the population of Uppermill + the surrounding Saddleworth villages increased by 26% – growing rural location

causes of these changes:
- result of counter-urbanisation
- negative reaction to city life
- aspire to pleasant, quiet, cleaner environment
- higher personal car ownership + greater affluence allows people to commute

effects of these changes:
- Uppermill is now a large village
- shapes the demographic of a place
- area becomes wealthier as it attracts a certain population

48
Q

Urban changes in the Lake District…

(Villages in national parks or area of attractive scenery)

A

changes:
- increase of ‘second homes’ being bought
- house prices/services are increasing

causes of these changes:
- area has become a place that attracts tourists/holidaymakers/weekenders

effects of these changes:
- services become more for tourists than for locals
- locals are priced out of the housing market making them feel unwelcome/forcing many to move away

49
Q

Urban changes in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland…

(the most remote rural villages)

A

changes:
- population has more than halved since 1901
- 13.7% decrease in population is expected by 2039 (approx 27,250 in 2014 and approx 23,515 in 2039)

causes of these changes:
- too remote
- harsh environments (very cold winters)
- lack of transport links
- not many jobs - mainly only agriculture/fishing
- ambitious young adults seeking more opportunities (e.g. uni)

effects of changes:
- elderly population
- no children - schools shut down
- services shut down as no one can work there as they’re retired

50
Q

Continuity and change (small scale - Uppermill) :
What factors have shaped Uppermill?

A
  • industrial revolution : cotton/ wool spinning mills
  • counter urbanisation
  • population increase
51
Q

How has factors (that shaped uppermill) brought change?

A

Counter urbanisation has brought more affluent newcomers to village — has lead to new services being built/opening

52
Q

Continuity in uppermill : What has stayed the same?

A
  • many traditions
    (eg. Wednesday market, annual Saddleworh band contest & celebration of Yorkshire day every 1st August)
  • original community have fought to retain rural identity
53
Q

How have the lives of people who live in uppermill been affected by these changes?

A

Uppermill has attracted an affluent population - prices of houses + services have increased

increased traffic - also has lack of parking

more opportunities - eg. jobs

54
Q

Continuity and change (medium scale - Hulme):

What factors have shaped Hulme?

A

Industrial revolution

Hulme City Challenge

Comprehensive redevelopment- rapid slum clearance policy

55
Q

How have these factors brought change to Hulme?

A

City challenge - improved houses/ infrastructure

more opportunities - jobs eg. Asda employed only local people (living within a certain mile radius)

56
Q

Continuity:
What has stayed the same in Hulme?

A

cultural diversity

some of the original community remained

57
Q

How have the lives of people who live in Hulme been affected?

A

Improved housing / infrastructure - safer/more accessible for people (eg. families)

some community space (eg. pubs) were lost due to crime

reduced deprivation

58
Q

Continuity and change (large scale - Blackpool):

what factors have shaped Blackpool?

A
  1. tourism
  2. expansion of air travel
  3. regeneration project (2003)
59
Q

how have theses factors brought about change in Blackpool?

A
  1. famous landmarks were built (e.g. Blackpool tower, promenade, piers etc)
  2. less tourists
  3. £2.2bn - regenerated promenade (incl. sea defences)
    airport, hotels etc
60
Q

Continuity:
what has stayed the same in Blackpool?

A

many landmarks still remain + people still visit them - illuminations, tower + pleasure beach are still big attractions

61
Q

How have lives of the people who live in Blackpool been affected?

A

less tourism meant less money invested into the area - parts of town still massively rundown

62
Q

what is reimaging?

A

dissociating a place from bad images, usually achieved through advertising campaigns

63
Q

what is regeneration?

A

long term redevelopment with improvement, to physical + economic environments

64
Q

CASE STUDY: Liverpool -

why was Liverpool in need of rebranding?

A

18/19th century - Liverpool was a huge port - handled thousands of imports/exports per day

1980s - experienced industrial decline as the docks closed

high levels of crime + vandalism + economic and social deprivation

65
Q

what was the impact of the Toxteth riots on Liverpool?

A

damage + looting cost around £8 million

damage to public + private property - some buildings were so badly damaged they had to be demolished

66
Q

What did the Merseyside Development Corporation set out to do?

A

reclaim 4km² of derelict land

the 1st flagship regeneration project was the Albert Dock - former derelict dock made into tourist attraction (1988) - attracts 4m visitors/year

67
Q

how has regeneration impacted on culture in Liverpool?

A

awarded European Capital of Culture 2008 - had over £2.8m invested - economy boosted by £800m in 2008 alone

over 15m visitors for over 7000 cultural events in 1 year - Albert Dock 30% increase in visitors

68
Q

how has regeneration impacted the waterfront in Liverpool?

A

Albert Dock ‘reinvented’ itself for a 2nd time after departure of service + media companies

new £19m cruise liner terminal built at Prince’s Dock (Fred Olsen cruise liner)

69
Q

how has regeneration impacted on shopping in Liverpool?

A

3rd most visited shopping destination (after London + Glasgow) in 1960s
- Dropped to 17th in 2002
- made comeback in 2008 - place people spend most money shopping (in UK) after London, Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow

Liverpool One:
- 160 stores (17ha)
- 600 residential units
- offices
- public open spaces
- transport links
- cost approx £1bn

70
Q

Place that has experience change:

What factors have shaped Liverpool?

A
  • industrial decline: closing of the docks (huge port that handled thousands of tonnes of imports/exports every day)
  • awarded European capital of culture (2008)
  • Anfield Project
71
Q

How have these factors brought about change in Liverpool?

A
  • (industrial decline) led to high levels of crime + vandalism and economic + social deprivation
  • (European capital of culture award) over £2.8m was spent in the city - was said to have boosted the economy by £80m in 2008 alone
72
Q

Continuity in Liverpool - what has stayed the same?

A

strong cultural identity (e.g. music, football etc)

strong sense of community

73
Q

how have the lives of the people who live in Liverpool been affected by these changes?

A

Paradise Projection (2004):
- 17 hectare site mixes transport, retail, warehousing and some housing
-** Liverpool One:** catchment of over 1.8m people within 30 mins

(Human) Geography (3 decks)

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