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1. sociology - family > changing patterns > Flashcards

changing patterns Flashcards

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1
Q

changing patterns of divorce - CHANGES IN LAW

A
  • equalising the grounds (the legal reasons) for divorce between the sexes.
  • widening the grounds for divorce.
  • making divorce cheaper.
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2
Q

changing patterns of divorce - DECLINING STIGMA AND CHANGING ATTITUDES

A

Mitchell and Goody:
stigma focusing on the negative labels around divorced couples became more acceptable leading to couples becoming more willing to resort to divorce

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3
Q

changing patterns of divorce - SECULARISATION

A

the traditional opposition of the churches to divorce carries less weight as the church attendance rates continue to decline

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4
Q

changing patterns of divorce - RISING EXPECTATIONS OF MARRIAGE

A

Fletcher - higher expectations people place on marriage today are a major cause of rising divorce rates, higher expectations make couples less willing to tolerate an unhappy marriage.
Allan and Crow - marriage is now seen as relationship in which individuals seek personal fulfilment, and this encourages couples to divorce if they don’t find it.

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5
Q

changing patterns of divorce - WOMENS INCREASED FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE

A

emancipation of women and the availability of welfare benefits means women no longer have to remain financially dependent on their husbands.

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6
Q

changing patterns of divorce - feminist explanation

A
  • hochschild; for many women, they feel valued at work and unvalued at home. the fact that both partners go out to work leaves less time and energy for the emotion work needed to address problems that arise
  • sigle-rushton; dual burden
  • cooke and gash; they found no evidence of working women divorcing more since working women are now the norm in society
  • bernard; rising divorce rates as evidence as their growing accepatnce of feminist ideas
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7
Q

changing patterns of divorce - postmodernists

A

individualisation thesis,
pursuit of self interest is likely to pull spouses apart

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8
Q

what does the high divorce rate mean? NEW RIGHT

A

divorce = UNDESIRABLE! undermines the traditional nuclear family. creates an underclass of welfare dependent female lone parents. leaves young boys without a male role model.

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9
Q

what does the high divorce rate mean? INTERACTIONIST

A

you need to understand what divorce means to every couple - Morgan.
You cannot generalise about the meaning of high divorce - everyone has different experiences.

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10
Q

what does the high divorce rate mean? FEMINISM

A

high divorce = DESIRABLE|! women’s liberation. women are breaking free of the oppression of the patriarchal nuclear family.

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11
Q

what does the high divorce rate mean? POSTMODERN

A

high divorce rate shows people have the freedom to choose to end a relationship if it no longer meets their needs. major cause of family diversity.

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12
Q

what does the high divorce rate mean? PERSONAL LIFE PERSPECTIVE.

A

divorce can cause problems e.g lack of daily contact between children and non-resident parents. however, Smart argues that divorce has become ‘normalised’ - families can adapt to it without disintegrating. divorce is just one transition in a persons life course.

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13
Q

what does the high divorce rate mean? FUNCTIONALIST

A

high divorce rate does not prove that marriage as a social institution is under threat . just shows peoples high expectations. high remarriages show a commitment to marriage.

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14
Q

reasons for changing patterns of marriage - CHANGING ATTITUDES TO MARRIAGE

A

there is less pressure to marry, giving more freedom to choose the type of relationship they want to have.

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15
Q

reasons for changing patterns of marriage - SECULARISATION

A

the churches are in favour of marriage, but as their influence declines people feel freer to choose not to marry. e.g according to the 2001 census, only 3% of young people with no religion were married , as against up to 17% of those with a religion.

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16
Q

reasons for changing patterns of marriage? declining stigma of alternatives to marriage

A

cohabitation, remaining single, and having children outside marriage are all now widely regarded as acceptable , so that pregnancy no longer automatically leads to a ‘shotgun’ wedding.
- in 1989, 70% believed that couples who want children should get married but by 2012 only 42% thought so.

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17
Q

changing patterns of marriage - CHANGES IN THE POSITION OF WOMEN

A

with better career and educational prospects, women are now less economically dependent on men, this gives them greater freedom not to marry. the feminist view that marriage is an oppressive patriarchal institution may also dissuade some women from marrying

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18
Q

changing patterns of marriage - fear of divorce

A

with rising divorce rates, some may be put off marrying because they see the likelihood of marriage ending with divorce.

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19
Q

same sex relationships - stonewall

A

estimates that about 5-7% of adult population have same-sex relationships. impossible to judge whether this is an increase, because in the past homosexuality was seen a criminal offence. there is more social acceptance.

male homosexual acts were decriminalised in 1967.
the age of consent has been equalised with heterosexuals.
since 2014 same sex couples have been able to marry

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20
Q

reasons for increase in cohabitation

A
  1. increased opportunity career wise for women mean they’ll need less of a financial security of marriage.
  2. increased cohabitation rates are a result of the decline in stigma attached to sex outside of marriage.
  3. the young are more likely to accept cohabitation.
  4. secularisation - those with no religion are more likely to cohabit than with religion.
21
Q

coast

A

75% of cohabiting couples say that they expect to marry each other

22
Q

chester

A

for most people, cohabitation is part of the process of getting married

23
Q

same sex relationships - weeks

A

sees gays as creating families based on the idea of ‘friendship and kinship’ where friendships become a kind of kinship network. he describes these as ‘chosen families’

24
Q

same sex relationships - allan and crow

A

changes in law may have cause same sex partners to negotiate their commitment and responsibilities more than marries couples. this may have made same sex relationships more flexible and less stable than heterosexual relationships

25
Q

living apart together

A

duncan and phillips found that 1 in 10 adults are LAT
they also found that both choice and constraint played a part in whether couples live together

they conclude that while being a LATis no longer seen as abnormal, it probably does not amount to a rejection of more traditional relationships.

26
Q

cohabitation

A

coast - 75% of cohabiting couples say that they expect to marry each other.

27
Q

lone parenthood

A

murray (new right) sees growth of lone -parent families as resulting from an over-generous welfare state providing benefits for unmarried mothers and their children.

evaluation: inadequate welfare benefits etc.

28
Q

one person households

A
  • in 2013 almost 3/10 households contained only one person
  • 40% of all one-person households are over 65
  • by 2033, over 30% of adult population will be single (unpartnered, never married)
29
Q

reasons for changes in one person household

A
  • the increase in separartion has created more 1phouseholds, especially among men under 65
  • decline in numbers marrying and trends towards marry later mean more people are remaining single. proportion of adults who are single has risen by half since 1971
  • some are alone becayse there are too few partners available in their age group. these are mainly older widowers
30
Q

cashmore (lpf)

A

found some wc mothers with less earning power chose to live of benefits w/o a partner, often because they had experienced abuse. feminist ideas, and greater opportunities for women may have also encouraged an increase in the number of never-married lone mothers

31
Q

stepfamilies

A
  • account for over 10% of all families with dependent children in britain
  • in 85% of stepfamilies, at least one child is from womans previous relationship, while in 11% there is at least one child from the previous mans relationship
32
Q

stepfamilies - ferri and smith

A

stepfamilies are at greater risk of poverty

33
Q

stepfamilies - allan and crow

A

may face particular problems of divided loyalties and issues such as contact with the non-resident parents can cause tensions

34
Q

stepfamilies- mccarthy

A

there is diversity among these families. tensions are not so different from those in ‘intact’ families

35
Q

ethnic differences in family patterns - black families

A
  • higher proportion of lpf households. in 2012, just over half of families with dependent children headed by a black person were lpf.
  • high rate of female-headed black lpf has sometimes been seen as evidence of family disorganisation that can be tracked back to slavery, or more recently, to high rates of unemployment among black males
  • under slavery when couples were sold separately, children stayed with the mother and its argued that this persists today. also argued that male unemployment and poverty have meant that black men are less able to provide for their family, resulting in higher rates of desertion or marital breakdown
36
Q

ethnic differences in family patterns - black families, MIRZA

A

argues that higher rates of lpf among black families is not the result of disorganisation, but rather reflects the high value that black women place on independence

37
Q

ethnic differences in family patterns - black families REYNOLDS

A

argues statistics are misleading, in that many apparently ‘lone’ parents are in fact stable, supportive but non-cohabiting relationships

38
Q

ethnic differences in family patterns - asian families

A
  • tend to be larger than those of other ethnic groups (4.4 persons per household compared to black carribbean and white households)
    -such households sometimes contain three generations, but most in fact are nuclear rather than extended
39
Q

ethnic differences in family patterns - asian families BALLARD

A

found that extended family ties provided an important source of support among asian migrants during the 1950s and 60s
- later, although most asian households were now nuclear, relatives often lived nearby. still frequent visiting and kinship networks continued to be a source of support - today sikhs, muslims and hindus are still more likely than others ethnic/religious groups to live in extended family units

40
Q

extended family today - charles

A

the classic three-gen family all living together under one rood is now ‘all but extinct’ only significant exceptions found were among the citys bangladeshi community

41
Q

extended family today - willmott

A

it continues to exists as a ‘dispersed extended family’ where relatives are geographically separated but maintain frequent contact through visits and phone calls

42
Q

extended family today - chamberlain

A

study of black carribbean families; despite being geographically dispersed, they continue to provide support. describes them as ‘multiple nuclear families, with close and frequent contact between siblings, uncles, aunts and cousins who often make a big contribution to childbearing

43
Q

extended family today - bell

A

found that both wc and mc families had emotional bonds with kin and relied on them for support;
- among the mc, there was more financial help from father to son
- wc families had more frequent contact (they lived closer) and there was more domestic help from mothers to daughters

44
Q

beanpole family; brannen

A
  • extended vertically; through three or more generations
  • but not extended horizontally; it doesn’t involve aunts, uncles, cousins etc
45
Q

reasons for beanpole families

A
  • increased life expectancy means more surviving grandparents and great-grandparents
  • smaller family sizes means people have fewer siblings and thus fewer horizontal ties
45
Q

reasons for beanpole families

A
  • increased life expectancy means more surviving grandparents and great-grandparents
  • smaller family sizes means people have fewer siblings and thus fewer horizontal ties
46
Q

finch and mason

A

found that over 90% of people had given or received financial help, and about half had cared for a sick relative

47
Q

cheal

A

notes that where personal care for an elderly woman is needed, a daughter is preferred if the husband is not available. daughters are also rarely chosen as appropriate people to provide money

1. sociology - family (6 decks)

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