Changing nature of community

Question 1

Agrarian Community

Answer 1

Self sufficient and a clear class structure

Question 2

Contemporary rurl community

Answer 2

Counter-urbanisation and rural gentrification. Between 1961 and 1971 ‘accessible’ rural areas grew in poulation by 44%

Question 3

Rural pop today

Answer 3

17.6% people in the UK live in rural areas and characterised by higher numbers of elderly residents

Question 4

Imagined Communitites

Answer 4

It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion… In fact, all communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact (and perhaps even these) are imagined. Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined. Anderson (1991)

Question 5

Rural idyll

Answer 5

Idealised image of the rural area - safe, nice housing, etc.

Question 6

Rural social change

Answer 6

Loss of kinship connections - now most are ‘incomers’ and few can trace families back generations as in the past

Question 7

Rural housing

Answer 7

Idyll is of rose-covered cottages but reality is few people live in these. Jones and Tonts (2003) found standard of living of housing is generally lower in smaller towns, the costs of construction is higher, greater availability of cheaper housing in rural areas and costs is higher.

Question 8

Rural health

Answer 8

Figures in UK + Canada suggest lower morality rates and longer life expectancy (Cabinet Office, 2000) Other evidence from UK, North America and Australia indicates there are higher accident rates and greater prevalence of chronic ill health (Gesler and Rusketh, 1992)

Question 9

Rural crime

Answer 9

Levels of victimisation are significantly lower in rural areas than in urban areas. In general, rural residents are half as likely to be victims of property crime

Question 10

Different types of crime in rural environments

Answer 10

‘Activities of lawlessness’ - Okihoro (1997) found that a fishing community in Canada put emphaiss on poaching, moonshining and petty corruption. Interpersnal violence including violent disorder, often alcohol related between small town rivals (Gilling and Pierpart, 1999). Social disroder - Vandalism a major component while farmers compain about trespassing + disturbing livestock.

Question 11

Isolation

Answer 11

Class, race, gender, sexuality all have issues in the rural community

Question 12

Sterotypes in rural setting

Answer 12

Traditionally discourses have reported strict sterotyped representation of gender roles - masculinity is constructed through a rugged masculinity image (Campbell and Bell, 2000) and femininity is constructed through terms of domestic accomplishment and representation of young women as shy, demure and wholesome (Little, 2012)

Question 13

Little, 2003

Answer 13

Rural setting heavily associated with an assumption of heterosexuality.

Question 14

Rural homelessness

Answer 14

Cloke et al (2000) - ‘sociocultural constructions of rural space as prime, privileged, and problem-free territory have resulted in it becoming associated with particular lifestyles, social groups, housing structured, and patterns of service. The hidden and emerging spaces of rural homelessness (non)provision that fit within such constructions and in it becoming disassociated from groups, activities, and provisions deemed to be inappropriate and ‘out of place’

Question 15

Belief in community

Answer 15

Rose found evidence that people of Poplar believe that a sense of community existed during the 1920s and 30s

• High numbers of people worked in the borough
• Residents knew all the people in the local shops
• Remembered affectionately by residents
• Doors weren’t locked, people helped each other.

Question 16

Rebuilding communities

Answer 16

‘One of the greatest dangers in (re)building communities is that they will tend to become insular and indifferent to the fate of outsiders’ (Young)

Question 17

Urban crime

Answer 17

‘This is a population that no longer can expect the economic prosperity and stable work the welfare state promised; this population instead exists in an insecure world where form of security that the welfare state sought to provide have been abandoned or privatised. The world of the ‘precariat’ is one characterised by chronic job insecurity. This is a world where temporary jobs remain temporary and rarely become full time’

Question 18

Neighbourhood watch

Answer 18

• Launched in 1982
• Grew rapidly: by 1990 it had reached over 80,000 schemes, covering 4 million homes.
• ‘The potency of the Neighbourhood watch was that it reverberated with nostalgic echoes of the night watch, it was an ideological wedding between community and protection, between society and surveillance.

Question 19

CCTV 1994

Answer 19

In 1994 it was estimated that 78 towns and cities had CCTV watching over public spaces

Question 20

CCTV 2010

Answer 20

By 2010 there was an estimate 4.2 million CCTV cameras in Britain-one for every 14 people.

Question 21

CCTV debates

Answer 21

• Debates about the extent to which CCTV is an infringement of liberty
• Some argue it increases freedom by decreasing fear
• Wide public support
• But, also recognition that CCTV could be used for inappropriate monitoring and have social consequences.

Question 22

Rural Asylum centres

Answer 22

Recent plans to accomodate asylum seekers in a number of rural locales have fuelled debates about the ability of the countryside to the proposed development of asylum centres in Nottinghamshire and Oxfordshire. (Hubbard, 2005)

Question 23

Rural Asylum centres opposition

Answer 23

It is unsurprising the threatened incursion of asylum seekers triggered community opposition of the magnitude and fervor witnessed in Newton and Bicester, areas with little tradition of non-white occupation. (Hubbard, 2005)

Question 24

Rural Asylum centres stereotypes

Answer 24

While protesters rarely made explicit reference to issues of race or colour, instead played up the fact that the locale did not have necessary infrastructure to cater for asylum seekers, the representation of asylum seeks as feckless, culpable and dangerous clearly identified them as a group that threatened the privileges associated with living in a white, sexually ordered rural environment. (Hubbard, 2005)

Question 25

Jupp et al (2013) explores

Answer 25

This article explores the dynamics of UK neighbourhood policy bringing together an attention to emotions and identities in social policy governance with approaches to the experiential dynamics of place from social and cultural geography drawing on two sets of fieldwork among residents and professional workers in ‘disadvantaged’ neighbourhoods in the UK.

Question 26

Jupp et al (2013) shows

Answer 26

This article shows how the processes and outcomes of neighbourhood policy interventions are bound up with these complex geographies of place, especially those that seek to engage residents in change, making such policy interventions fragile and time consuming.

Question 27

Jupp et al (2013) community participation

Answer 27

how senses of ‘community participation’ in neighbourhoods always involved navigating tensions about who belongs to community, as well as grappling to understand what kinds of practices and rationalities might shape more inclusive senses of community

Question 28

Panelli + Kraak (2004) studied

Answer 28

• Constructions of the rural community as an emotionally harmonious, safe and peaceful space which may be challenged by women’s experiences of fear in rural spaces.
• Take the case of two contrasting Aotearoa/New Zealand communities documenting how women negotiate personal feelings of safety and fear in their own areas

Question 29

Panelli + Kraak (2004) find

Answer 29

• On the one hand they live in communities that are widely considered to be safe and supportive.
• On the other hand, fear and crime occurs in these areas involving both those ‘strangers’ seen as marginal and threatening to notions of community and also selected local residents who are also positioned as community members or insiders

Question 30

Panelli + Kraak (2004) supports the view

Answer 30

Our research supports the view that imaginings of rurality are frequently idyllic but in practical terms are often less certain, more troubled, and even at times contradictory.