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Sociology Family > Changing family patterns > Flashcards

Changing family patterns Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are 3 changes in law for divorce?

A
  1. Equalising the grounds
  2. Widening the grounds
  3. Making divorce cheaper
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2
Q

What are 3 solutions instead of divorce?

A
  1. Desertion
  2. Legal separation
  3. ‘Empty shell’ marriage
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3
Q

What are 7 reasons for the increase in divorce?

A
  1. Changes in law
  2. Declining stigma and changing attitudes
  3. Secularisation
  4. Rising expectations of marriage
  5. Women’s increased financial independence
  6. Feminist explanations
  7. Modernity and individualisation
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4
Q

What did Mitchell and Goody find?

A

Rapid decline in the stigma attached to divorce

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5
Q

What is a downside to divorce becoming so accessible?

A
  • Couples resort to divorce to solve marital problems by ‘normalising’ it
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6
Q

How has secularisation influenced the increase in divorce?

A

Religious institutions are losing their influence and society is becoming more secular and at the same time churches have also begun to soften their view on divorce

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7
Q

What does Fletcher argue?

A

Higher expectations people place on marriage today make couples less willing to tolerate an unhappy marriage

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8
Q

What did Allan and Crow find?

A

Individuals seek personal fulfillment in marriage and if there is ‘no love’ there’s no justification to remain married

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9
Q

Who said although divorce is increasing there is still a continuing popularity of marriage?

A

Fletcher

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10
Q

How much more women are going to work now compared to 1971?

A

14%

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11
Q

What do feminists argue that women today bear?

A

A dual burden of paid work and domestic work

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12
Q

How does Feminists critic functionalists?

A

They take a rosy view, the oppression of women is the main cause of marital conflict

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13
Q

What did Hochschild say?

A

For many women, the home compares unfavorably with work; they feel more valued at work

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14
Q

What did Rushton find?

A

Mothers who have a dual burden are more likely to divorce than non-working mothers in marriages with a traditional division of labour

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15
Q

Regarding modernity and inidvidualisation what did Beck and Giddens find?

A

Traditional norms such as the duty to remain with the same partner lose their hold over individuals

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16
Q

Why are relationships becoming more fragile?

A

Individuals become unwilling to remain with a partner if the relationship fails to deliver personal fulfillment

17
Q

What are 5 reasons for changing patterns of marriage?

A
  1. Changing attitudes to marriage, widespread belief that the quality of a couple’s relationship is more important than its legal status
  2. Secularisation
  3. Declining stigma attached to alternatives to marriage (cohabitation)
  4. Changes in the position of women
  5. Fear of divorce
18
Q

What are 4 reasons for the increase in cohabitation?

A
  1. Increased cohabitation are a result of the decline in stigma attached to sex outside of marriage
  2. The young more likely to accept cohabitation
  3. Increased career opportunities may mean less need for women to marry for financial security
  4. Secularisation
19
Q

What does Stonewall estimate?

A

5-7% of the adult population today have same-sex relationships

20
Q

What is one reason for the fall in number of divorces since the 1990s?

A

Fewer people are choosing to marry and cohabit instead

21
Q

What does Weeks argue is a reason for increased same-sex cohabitation?

A

Increased social acceptance

22
Q

How many people today are living alone? And what percentage are over 65?

A
  • 3 in every 10 households

- 40% are over 65

23
Q

What proportion of adults are single and what is one reason for this?

A
  • The proportion of adults who are single has risen by half since 1971
  • ‘Creative singlehood’, the deliberate choice to live alone
24
Q

What did Duncan and Philips find? What trend does their research follow?

A

One in ten adults are ‘living apart together’ which reflects a trend towards less formalised relationships

25
Q

What changes in childbearing have there been?

A
  • 47% of children are born outside of marriage
  • Women are having children later
  • Women are having fewer children
  • More women remaining childless
26
Q

What are some reasons for the change in childbearing patterns?

A
  • Increase in births outside marriage means less stigma

- The later age at which women are having children means smaller family sizes

27
Q

What percentage of lone-parent families are there?

A

22%

28
Q

What percentage of lone-parents families are headed by lone mothers and are children more likely to be in poverty when living with a lone parent?

A
  • 90% are headed by lone mothers

- A child living with a lone-parent is twice as likely to live in poverty than a child living with two parents

29
Q

What are 3 reasons as to why lone-parent families might be female-headed?

A
  1. The widespread belief that women are suited to an expressive or nurturing role
  2. Divorce usually gives custody of children to mothers
  3. Men may be less willing to give up work to care for children
30
Q

What does Murray see as a reason for the growth of lone parent families?

A

An over-generous welfare state

31
Q

What does Allan and Crow say about step families?

A
  • May face particular problems of divided loyalties and issues such as contact with the non-resident parent can cause tensions
32
Q

How do critics of New Right argue that welfare benefits are far from generous?

A
  • Lack of affordable childcare
  • Inadequate welfare benefits
  • Women generally earn less than men
33
Q

What family patterns were seen in Black families? What were 2 reasons for the high rate of female-headed, lone-parent families?

A
  • High proportion of lone-parent households
    1. One reason is family disorganisation that can be traced back to slavery
    2. High rates of unemployment among black males
34
Q

How does Mirza argue that high rates of black lone-parent families is not due to family disorganisation and unemployment in males?

A

Reflects the high value that black women place on independence

35
Q

What family patterns were seen in Asian families?

A
  • Asian households tend to be larger

- Value placed on the extended family

36
Q

What did Charles’ find?

A

The classic 3 generation extended family all living together under one roof is ‘extinct’

37
Q

What did Chamberlain find?

A

A study of Caribbean families in Britain found that despite being geographically dispersed, extended families remain in contact

38
Q

How does Brannen describe the beanpole family?

A

‘Long and thin’
- It is extended vertically through 3 or more generations but is not extended horizontally (doesn’t involve uncles, aunts and cousins)

39
Q

What did Finch and Mason find?

A
  • Despite the rise of the beanpole family many people still feel a sense of obligated to help their wider extended kin

Sociology Family (7 decks)

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