Changing economic world Flashcards
What are social indicators of development ?
- Life expectancy
- Education rates
-People per doctor
-Birth & death rate - Infant mortality
- Acess to clean water
Stage 1of the demographic transition model ?
- The total population is low
- High birth rates due to lack of contraception/family planning
- High death rates due to poor healthcare, poor diet and famine
- High infant mortality which leads people to have more children so that some children survive to adulthood
Example : Traditional rainforest tribe
What are economic indicators of development ?
- GDP
- GNI per capita
- GNI per head
Stage 2 of the demographic transition model ?
- The total population starts to rise rapidly
- Birth rates remain high as people continue to have large families
- Death rates decrease as a result of improved diets, better healthcare, lower infant mortality and increased access to clean water
Example: Afghanistan
Stage 3 of the demographic transition model ?
- The total population continues to increase but the rate of growth begins to slow
- Birth rate begins to fall rapidly due to increased birth control, family planning, increased cost of raising children and low infant mortality rate
- Death rate still decreasing but at a slower rate as improvements in medicine, hygiene, diet and water quality continue
Example: Nigeria a NEE
Stage 4 of the demographic transition model ?
- The total population is high and is increasing slowly
- Birth rate is low and fluctuating due to accessible birth control and the choice of having fewer children as well as delaying the age women start to have children
- Death rate is low and fluctuating
Example: USA & UK
Stage 5 of the demographic transition model ?
- The total population starts to slowly decline as the death rate exceeds the birth rate
- Birth rate is low and slowly decreasing
- Death rate is low and fluctuating
Example: South Korea
What are factors affecting development & human welfare ?
- Economic
- Government
- Social
- Technological
- Cultural
-Resources - Food & water security
What are physical causes of uneven development ?
- Land locked countries- cannot trade aswell
- Climate dieases - affect people able to work
- Extreme weather events
- Limited acess to clean water
What are economic causes for uneven development ?
- Poverty - Lack of money in a country slows development as it prevents improvements in living standards
- Trade - Wealthy regions dominate trade because they export secondary (processed) goods which earn more income
- Technology - Can help to increase water, food and energy security
What historical facors affect uneven development ?
Colonisation :
Many LICs were colonised by powerful trading nations such as France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and the UK
Conflict:
- Wars reduce levels of development as men are often fighting instead of working
- Money is used buying weapons rather than improving the country’s roads, schools, hospitals
How can inequality lead to migration ?
International migration is a consequence of uneven development, as people seek to improve their quality of life
Movement can be two ways: Poor wanting a better life or the rich not wanting to live near squatter settlements
What are stratergies to reduce the development gap ?
Investment:
- Where countries and TNCs invest money in LICs, which provide employment and income
Industrial development:
- Brings employment, higher incomes and opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure
Tourism:
- Which leads to investment and increased income
Aid:
- Countries or non-governmental organisations (NGOs such as Oxfam) donate resources to a country to help or improve people’s lives
What are the 4 job sectors ?
Primary: mining, fishing, farming etc.
Secondary: factory workers, clothing, steel production etc.
Tertiary: nurses, lawyers, teachers, shop assistants, chefs
Quaternary: hi-tech scientists, research and development
How have the UK’s jobs changed ?
- Pre-industrial stage: most people worked in the primary sector such as farming or mining
- Industrial stage: more people moved into the secondary sector of manufacturing
- Post-industrial stage: emphasis is on service based tertiary sector and quaternary sectors of research and ICT
What are the 3 main causes for the UK’s economic change ?
De-industrialisation - the decline in the UKs traditional manufacturing industries and growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
Globalisation- increased world trade with cheaper imported goods; contributing further to a decline in manufacturing
Government policy changes
