changing economic world Flashcards
3 out-dated terms to divide world
-3rd, 2nd, 1st world
-rich north/poor south
-M/LEDCs
problems with old terms
-basic
-aren’t used for meaning
-not updated; some countries that changed category aren’t recognised
current terms
HICs, NEEs + LICs
8 development indicators
-GNI
-literacy rate
-people per dr
-access to safe water
-IMR
-life expectancy
-birth rate
-death rate
GNI - explanation and 4 limitations
-divide gross national income by size of pop., accounts for goods, services + overseas investments
-crude + too mathsy, inaccurate data, some sectors aren’t formally recognised, easily skewed results
literacy rate - explanation and 1 limitation
-% of ppl withh basic reading + writng skills
-carrying out surveys in rural areas + conflict zones + squatter settlements in
LICs is difficult
People per doctor - explanation and 1 limitation
-no. ppl that depend on a single dr
-in some NEEs ppl in rural ares use phones for advice which isn’t accounted for
access to safe water - explanation and 3 limitations
-% of ppl who always access safe water
-water quality isn’t constant, data may undrestimate that cost of water in cities can force poor ppl to use unsafe water, many have >99% so hard to compare
IMR - explanation and 1 limitation
-av. no. of deaths of <1yr per 1,000 live births per yr
-not all infant deaths recorded in LICs so creates inaccuracies
life expectancy - explanation and 1 limitation
-av. no. yrs a person lives
-in countries with high IMR, life expectancy of those who survive childhood is higher than the mean LE suggests
birth rate - explanation and 2 limitations
-births in a yr per 1,000 of total pop.
-births may not be recorded due to IMR/illegtimacy, don’t really express development
death rate - explanation and 1 limitation
-deaths in a yr per total pop.
-ignores cause of death e.g. age, disease, war
what is HDI
method using GDP per capita, life expectancy + adult literacy to produce a number 0-1 to compare countries
stage 1 of DTM
-e.g. Amazon Basin tribes
-high birth rate
-high death rate
-stable or slow increase
stage 2 of DTM
-e.g. Sierra Leone
-high birth rate
-death falls rapidly
-very rapid increase
stage 3 of DTM
-e.g. Bangladesh
-falling birth rate
-death falls more slowly
-increase slows
stage 4 of DTM
-e.g. UK
-low birth rate
-low death rate
-stable/slow increase
stage 5 of DTM
-e.g.Japan
-very low birth rate
-low death rate
-slow decrease
5 physical factors of uneven development
-weather + climate
-topography
-landlocked countries
-tropical environments
-water shortages
3 historical factors of uneven development
-colonialism
-war
-debt
3 economic factors of uneven development
-poverty
-trade
-lack of investment in education
3 disparities in wealth
-approx. 35% of total wealth is in N.America by 5% of pop.
-Africa’s share of wealth is 1%, 12% of pop.
-China is one of fastest growing economies, av. personal wealth quadrupled since 2000
3 disparities in health
-in LICs 40% of deaths are kids <15, 1% in HICs
-in HICs 70% of deaths are >70yo, 20% in LICs
-in LICs malaria + tuberculosis are 30% of deaths, chronic disease most common in HICs
international migration (3)
-2015, approx. 14mil migrated
-1000s migrate to europe from Africa + Middle East
-people from LICs undergo dangerous journeys to find better life in HICs
8 strategies for reducing development gap
-investment (FDI)
-industrial development
-tourism
-aid
-intermediate tech
-fairtrade
-debt relief
-microfinance loans
explain how investment helps to reduce development gap (2)
-leads to improvements in infrastructure, services, dams + resevoirs, + industrial development
-can provide employment + increase incomes
explain how industrial development helps to reduce development gap (1)
-provides employment, increases individual wealth + results in improvements in education, health care + service provision
explain how tourism helps to reduce development gap (1)
-valuable source of foreign exchnage + can lead to improvements in infrastructure, education + health care. employment + money
explain how aid helps to reduce development gap (3)
-often financial support to countries, international organisaations + charities
-emergency aid after natural disasters
-long-term supports development project, like improving water supplies + sanitation
explain how fairtrade helps to reduce development gap (1)
-organisation that promotes fair wages for farmers in LICs and invests money in local community projects
explain how debt relief helps to reduce development gap (3)
-many companies borrowed money in 70-80s to invest in development projects
-fall into serious debt, unable to pay back or develop
-money can be used in development projects
explain how intermediate tech helps to reduce development gap (2)
-supports local development projects involved with agriculture, water + health
-local labour + materials can be used to improve sanitation/water supply etc
explain how microfinance loans help to reduce development gap
-small-scale financial support helps individuals/communities to start small businesses
-businesses will create jobs + income
5 advantages of TNCs
-bring new investment
-provide local jobs, often at higher wages
-bring expertise + new skills
-international links
-provide new tech
4 disadvantages of TNCs
-can cause environmental damage + deplete natural resources
-take profits out of country
-expect political influence
-TNCs can withdraw investement whenever
why do TNCs go to foreign countries (4)
-tax incentives
-cheaper labour
-laxer environmental laws
-access to wider markets
primary sector
extracting raw materials, agriculture
secondary sector
industry + manufacturing
tertiary sector
services
quarternary sector
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