Changing Economic World Flashcards
How many people does Torr Quarry employ?
200 people
How much money does Torr Quarry contribute to the local economy?
£15 million each year
When was Torr Quarry set up?
1940s
How much material is produced annually at Torr Quarry?
Used to be 8 million tonnes but is now 5 million tonnes
How much material is transported by train at Torr Quarry?
3/4 of the material is transported by train to the SE
What is located near Torr Quarry?
- M5
- Bath, Bristol
- Mendip hills
What have Torr Quarry done to be sustainable
- 200 acres has been landscaped (creates habitats, increase biodiversity)
- Turned it into a lake which is used for water sport (recreational) activities
- Monitoring of noise and dust emissions and water quality
- Limestone used to create a natural landscape
Where is Outer Hebrides located?
It’s a small, remote island in the North West of Scotland
What is Outer Hebrides’ climate and landscape like?
Rocky, hilly landscape and harsh climate
What is the population of Outer Hebrides?
27,400 people (it has decreased by 50% since 1901)
What are the impacts of outward migration in Outer Hebrides?
- School closure due to falling number of children
- Number of fishing boats has declined from 900 in 1948 to just a few due to reduced fish stock
- Younger people have a lack of job opportunities so they migrate away from the city (braindrain)
- Ageing population leading to issues with healthcare and housing provisions
- Tourism can provide development opportunities but can also damage the environment
- Fewer people of working age resulting in less taxes being paid
- Local economy relies on farming so people leave to find better jobs
What is the population of South Cambridgeshire?
150,000 people but is expected to reach 182,000 by 2030
Who is the main group of people that migrate to South Cambridgeshire?
Eastern Europeans, who have had a 25% increase in 2012-13
Why do people migrate from Cambridge to rural areas?
For a better quality of life
What are the impacts of inward migration in South Cambridgeshire?
- Commuters still use facilities in Cambridge which effects the local economy
- Young people can’t afford to get on the property ladder and move away (braindrain)
- 80% of car ownership leads to increased congestion on narrow country roads and a decrease in public transport and high petrol prices due to high demand
- Increased migration from EU can bring poorer migrants, putting pressure on services and council
- Agriculture farming decreases as farmers sell their land for housing developments
- 21% of workforce are in high-tech industries (disposable income)
- Many people are retiring to South Cambridgeshire resulting in an aging population
What are the strategies to reducing the development gap? (7)
- Investment
- Industrial development & Tourism
- Microfinance loans
- Debt relief
- Fair trade
- Using intermediate technology
- Aid
How can we measure development?
- GNI
- HDI
- QoL
- Birth and Death Rate
- Infant Mortality Rate
- Number of Doctors
- Literacy Rate
- Access to safe water
What is HDI?
- Human Development Index
- Economic and social measure which involves life expectancy, years of education and GNI
- Scale of 0-1 (1 being the highest)
- Highest HDI are Switzerland, Norway and Iceland
- Lowest HDI are Somalia, South Africa and Central African Republic (bottom 11 are all in Africa)
What is GNI?
- Gross National Income
- Economic measure
- This is the total number of goods and services produced by a country
- It’s also the money earned which is expressed per capita
What are some problems with using measures of development? (5)
1) Inaccurate data - may be out of date, countries may lie about results and it doesn’t include informal jobs
2) Doesn’t show disparities between areas in a country like urban vs rural
3) People have different opinions on QoL (subjective)
4) As women are educated and start to have careers, birth rates decreases
5) Wealth doesn’t equal development as government may be corrupt (socioeconomic measure)
What affects birth rate?
- Access to contraceptives
- How educated the public is (family planning)
What is a DTM?
- Demographic Transition Model
- It shows how birth rate and death rate have influenced the total population of a place and changed over the years
- It has 5 stages
Why is the death rates high at stage 1?
- Disease
- Famine
- Poor sanitation and medical care
What does death rates fall at stage 2?
- Healthcare sanitation, diet and education improve (urbanisation)
- Decrease in infant mortality rates
Why does death rates stay low in stage 3 and 4?
- Good healthcare
- Healthy lifestyle
- Reliable food supply
Why does death rates increase slightly in stage 5?
The proportion of older people goes up due to longer life expectancies
Why are birth rates high in stage 1 and 2?
- Many children needs to help on the farms
- Children need to look after parents as they get older
- Religion and tradition
- Poor healthcare causing high infant mortality rate
- Little/no family planning
- Access to contraceptives
Why does birth rates fall in stage 3?
- Infant mortality rate decreases
- Family planning improves (education)
- Women’s education improves
- Increased wealth and materialism
Why does birth rates stay so low/fall in stage 4 and 5?
- Family planning
- Emancipation of women (women’s rights)
- Later marriages
- Financial independence of women
- Increase in non-traditional lifestyles
What are the positives of the DTM?
- All countries will develop
- Can apply to all countries in the world (universal concept)
- Flexible timescales
- Easy to understand
- Can compare demographic differences between countries
- Allows us to study change over time
What are the negatives of the DTM?
- Doesn’t include impact of migration
- Doesn’t factor in the role of the government (e.g. China’s 1 child policy or corruption)
- Original model didn’t have the fifth stage
- It suggests all countries follow the same pattern
- Suggest that countries will reach a paint where population declines
- All countries develop at different rates
What are the 3 causes of uneven development?
- Physical
- Economic
- Historical
What are the physical causes of uneven development?
- Mountainous/hilly landscape which means it’s difficult to build on due to cost and accessibility
- Landlocked which means it has no coastline meaning it’s hard to transport goods as there is no way to ship exports
- Climate like extreme weathers effects ability to grow crops and desert limits growth
- Few raw materials limits trade and earning power
What are the economic causes of uneven development?
- Poor trade links which limits exports which make money and limits imports of products they may need
- Debt is where LICs owe money to HICs with interest so they cannot repay debt
- Trading only primary products which means prices fluctuate and yield can vary meaning it’s not a reliable income
What are the historical causes of uneven development?
- Colonisation where countries that gain independence are often lower levels of development
- Conflict where war leads to destruction of infrastructure (e.g. schools, hospitals)
What are the consequences of uneven development?
- Wealth meaning people in more developed countries have a higher income than those in less developed countries (e.g. UK’s GNI is 40 times higher than Chad’s)
- Health meaning healthcare in more developed in countries is better than in less developed countries, people in HICs have a higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality rate
- International migration meaning if countries have higher development, people will move there to improve their QoL
What are the 7 strategies to reducing the development gap?
- Investment
- Debt relief
- Microfinance loans
- Industrial development and tourism
- Aid
- Fair trade
- Intermediate technology
What is the introduction on Jamaica?
- One of the largest islands in the world
- Population of 2.7 million
- It’s located in Central America, Caribbean
- It’s economy is mainly funded by minerals, agriculture and manufacturing
What percentage of Jamaica’s economy is based on tourism?
In 2018, it was 30%
How many Jamaicans are employed in tourism?
1 in 4 (e.g. hotels, restaurants and gift shops)
How many people visited Jamaica in 2017?
4.3 million people
How much does tourism contribute to Jamaica’s economic?
Tourism contributes $2 billion every year and it makes up 24% of Jamaica’s GDP
What is Nigeria’s location?
- West Africa
- It borders 4 countries (Niger, Benin, Chad and Cameroon)
- To the south us borders the Gulf of Guinea
- The coastline is on the Atlantic Oceam
Why is Nigeria globally important?
- Had the 7th largest population in the world
- Nigeria has the second-largest film industry in the world (Nollywood) which is behind India but better than the US
- Nigeria plays an important role in United Nations peacekeeping (e.g. Nigerian troops were the military backbone of the UN Mission in Liberia
Why is Nigeria regionally important?
- Highest GDP in Africa
- Fastest-growing economy in Africa
- Largest population on the continent
- It has the third largest manufacturing sector in Africa
- Largest agricultural output and the highest number of cattle in Africa
- Nigeria has a rich culture including music, writers and Nollywood
What are the wider political contexts in Nigeria?
- European colonial powers drew up a political map of Africa in 1883 and the continent were exploited for natural resources and slavery for many years
- Became independent from the UK in 1960 but had conflict until 1970
- Nigeria was under the Britain ruling and part of the slave trade
- In 1991, the capital moved from coastal Lagos to inland Abuja
- Have had free and fair elections since 2011 which attracts investments (e.g. China, USA)
What are the wider social context in Nigeria?
- Multi-cultural and multi faith
- Over 500 languages
- 100s of ethical groups (e.g. Igbo, Yoruba)
What are the wider cultural contexts in Nigeria?
- Second largest filmmaking industry (Nollywood)
- Won African Cup 3 times
What are the wider environmental contexts in Nigeria?
- Nigeria spans several climatic regions (dry in the north with a savanna grassland, tropical in the south with forest)
- Tree crops in this area includes cocoa, palm oil and rubber
- Cattle grazed in the savanna which is the primary type of agriculture in Nigeria
- A range of field crops grow here (e.g. cotton, millet)
- 70-80% of trees lost for farming, logging and development of infrastructure
What is the population of Nigeria?
218.5 million (est 441m by 2050)
What is the life expectancy in Nigeria?
56 years
What is the GNI per capita in Nigeria?
$2,160
What is the death rate in Nigeria?
13 per 1000 people
What is the birth rate in Nigeria?
38 per 1000 people
What is the literacy rate in Nigeria?
61%
What percentage of Nigeria lives in poverty?
70%
How has Nigeria’s industrial structure changed?
- Farming has declined due to mechanisation and rural-urban migration
- Manufacturing and services (e.g. finance and retail) has increased because of TNC investments
- 52% of its GDP now comes from manufacturing and services due to political stability
- Oil and gas is valuable to Nigeria but only contributes 9% to its GDP due to poor technology and internal use
What is the balance like between different sectors in Nigeria?
- The industry is not balanced
- Agriculture contributes 22% to GDP
- Industrial contributes 27% to GDP
- Services contributes 53% to GDP
How can manufacturing stimulate economic development?
1) Factories open by TNCs
2) Creates formal employment
3) Workers earn stable income
4) Pay tax OR disposable income
5) Government invest in infrastructure OR money spent in shops (income tax)
6) More attractive to TNCs
