Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

geography paper 2 > Changing Economic World > Flashcards

Changing Economic World Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What is development?

A

The progress a country makes. As a country develops it usually means that people’s standard of living and quality of life improve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What factors affect a country’s level of development?

A

Environmental factors: natural hazards e.g. earthquakes
Economic factors: trade and debt
Social factors: access to clean drinking water and education
Political factors: stable government or civil war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the ‘development gap’?

A

The development gap is the difference in standards of living between the world’s richest and the world’s poorest countries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can we measure development?

A

Through a range of different indicators:

GNI per capita
birth rate/death rate
infant mortality rate
life expectancy
people per doctor
literacy rate
access to safe water
human development index (HDI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Gross National Income (GNI)?

A

GNI is the total value of goods and services produced by a country plus money earned from overseas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the problem with using GNI?

A

Some countries may seem to have a high GNI as they are relatively wealthy and have a small population but it doesn’t always mean that the population have a good quality of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the limitations of using economic and social indicators to measure development?

A

Data might be outdated
Some data is difficult to collect
Some information is unreliable
Informal work isn’t included in data
Government may be corrupt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the demographic transition model?

A

A geographical model that shows how a country’s population changes over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the demographic transition model linked to development?

A

As a country develops (becomes richer) the population of the country also changes. Typically, the birth rate and death rate lower as a country develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is happening at stage 1 of the demographic transition model? (comment on births, deaths and overall population)

A

High birth rate
High death rate
Population is stable and low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is happening at stage 2 of the demographic transition model? (comment on births, deaths and overall population)

A

Birth rate high
Death rate starts to decline
Population begins to increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is happening at stage 3 of the demographic transition model? (comment on births, deaths and overall population)

A

Birth rate drops rapidly
Death rate continues to slowly decrease
Population increasing at a slow rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is happening at stage 4 of the demographic transition model? (comment on births, deaths and overall population)

A

Low birth rate
Low death rate
Population is high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is happening at stage 5 of the demographic transition model? (comment on births, deaths and overall population)

A

Extremely low birth rate
Death rate increases slightly (due to ageing population)
Population decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ‘uneven development’?

A

Uneven development within a country is when some places develop, whilst others do not progress
On a global scale, some countries are experiencing development whilst many are not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the factors that cause uneven development

A

Physical causes: Landlocked countries, climate, extreme weather, lack of water
Economic causes: trade
Historical causes: Colonialism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can physical factors cause uneven development?

A

Landlocked countries do not have a coastline so find it difficult to trade
Tropical climates: pests and diseases spread easily
Extreme weather e.g. drought hinders development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How economic factors such as trade can cause uneven development?

A

Rich countries often buy raw materials from poor countries at a low cost. They then make these into higher priced manufactured goods and sell them on. Rich get richer, poorer remain poor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can historical factors such as colonialism can cause uneven development?

A

Many richer nations such as North America and Europe had powerful colonies in Asia, Africa and South America. When the colonies gained independence, they had limited governance and order in society which destabilized these area and hindered development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name some problems caused by uneven development

A

Big differences in health
Big differences in wealth
Migration (people move away from hardship)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give some examples of health differences that result from uneven development

A

LICs - most deaths are children under 15. Common causes of death are HIV/AIDS or diarrhoea related diseases and malaria.
HICs - most deaths are amongst people over 70. Common causes of death are heart disease, diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give some evidence to prove global disparities (differences) in wealth

A

Fastest growth in wealth was North America (2014)
Qatar is the wealthiest country
China has had the highest growth in wealth of all NEEs
Africa has the smallest share of global wealth at 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give an example of a country where people have migrated due to war

A

Syria
Afghanistan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why does uneven development lead to migration?

A

People suffering from the negatives of uneven development (e.g poverty, poor health) want to move away in search of an improved quality of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name given to people who move in search of work?

A

An economic migrant e.g. Polish migrants moving to the UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name the 8 strategies that can be used to close the development gap

A

Investment
Industrial development
Tourism
Aid
Intermediate technology
Fairtrade
Debt Relief
Micro finance loans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can investment close the development gap?

A

Investment means spending money in a business of location. This is usually done by big companies (TNCs) in order for them to increase their profit, but it can improve the facilities for people in LICs and create jobs (multiplier effect).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can industrial development close the development gap?

A

Developing an industry in an LIC triggers the multiplier effect. It creates jobs, which then increases spending and more facilities and services will then open, creating more jobs. More local people working means more tax is paid meaning the government can improve services for local people e.g. education.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How can tourism close the development gap?

A

Some countries have amazing environments which make them an attractive location for tourists. This has led to the development of hotels and tourist attractions which create jobs and spending in the LIC. More local people get employed in the tourism industry which leads to more tax paid to the government.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How can aid close the development gap?

A

Aid is a donation of money or needed resources (e.g. food, water). This money can then be spent on improving infrastructure or facilities such as education which then benefits the local people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How can intermediate technology close the development gap?

A

Intermediate technology is technology that is appropriate to a country. This could include building a well which then can be used to improve the quality of life for people i.e. not having to walk hours for water. It must not replace local peoples’ jobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How can fairtrade close the development gap?

A

Fairtrade aims to improve the standards for poor farmers. As a result of fairtrade, the farmer will gain a more fair share of the earnings, which they can reinvest in improving their farm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How can debt relief close the development gap?

A

Debt relief means to cancel the debt of a country that is struggling to meet its repayments. The debt can be cancelled in exchange for the LIC spending more money on hospitals and schools.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How can micro finance loans close the development gap?

A

Micro finance loans are small loans given to communities in LICs to help them start their own business. This is often because they don’t have the initial money to begin the business.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Give a named example of a place that has used tourism to close the development gap

A

Jamaica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give a named example of a place that has used tourism to close the development gap

A

It has slow economic growth
It has high debts
High unemployment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Give some evidence that proves tourism has closed the development gap in Jamaica

A

Tourism contributes 24% to Jamaica’s GDP
Tourism provides jobs for 200,000 people
Development of new ports
Improved quality of life for people in the North (Ocho Rios)
Natural environment has been improved by landscaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Give some evidence that suggests tourism has NOT been successful in closing the development gap in Jamaica

A

Tourists don’t spend very much in Jamaica (average $70)
Not all parts of the island have been improved which leaves some parts more isolated
Not everyone in Jamaica has benefited from tourism, meaning they still live in poor housing with inadequate services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Give an example of the NEE you have studied

A

nigeria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does NEE stand for?

A

Newly Emerging Economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is an Newly Emerging Economy?

A

A country that is going through a period of rapid economic growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is Nigeria located?

A

Where is Nigeria located?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is Nigeria an important country globally?

A

It is the world’s 30th largest economy
It supplies 2.7% of the world’s oil (15th largest producer)
It has a diverse economy offering a range of jobs in the tertiary and quaternary sector
It is a big player in UN global peace keeping missions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is Nigeria an important country nationally?

A

It has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa
High GDP
High farm output
Location of TNC, Shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the political context of Nigeria

A

Gained independence from the UK in 1960
Has a history of civil war
Many companies now investing in Nigeria
It has links with OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries), UN and the African Union.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the social context of Nigeria

A

Diverse religious beliefs
Increasing levels of conflict between different groups
Rise of extremist groups e.g. Boko Harem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the cultural context of Nigeria

A

Diverse and varied culture
Popular Nigerian cinema: Nollywood
Range of music and sports events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe the environment of Nigeria

A

Northern Nigeria is semi-desert
Southern Nigeria: high temperatures and high rainfall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does Nigeria export?

A

Crude oil, refined petroleum, natural gas, rubber, cocoa and cotton.

42
Q

What are Nigeria’s main imports?

A

Cars, refined petroleum, rice, wheat and telephones (due to its rising wealth)

43
Q

How has Nigeria’s industrial structure changed over time?

A

Decrease in agriculture
Increase in industry
Increase in services
Overall more balanced economy

44
Q

Why has Nigeria’s industrial sector changed?

A

Less agriculture due to increase in machinery
Increase in industry due to industrialisation
Growth of communications and retail

44
Q

What products does Nigeria manufacture?

A

Processed foods, leather items, textiles, soaps and detergents

45
Q

What impact is the growing manufacturing sector having on Nigeria’s economy?

A

More formal work = more population paying tax
More regular paid work = more employed
Lots of manufacturing industries are connected so they create work for each other - TNCs are attracted to Nigeria

45
Q

What does TNC stand for?

A

transnational Corporation

46
Q

ransnational Corporation

A

Headquarters are located in one country
Production plantations in several others

47
Q

What might a TNC choose to locate in a country?

A

Access to cheaper labour
Access to new markets (to sell their product)
Less environmental laws to adhere to
Tax breaks

48
Q

Name some advantages of TNCs for the host country

A

New skills learned by people
Creates more jobs
TNCs often invest in infrastructure of the country
Can reduce poverty

48
Q

Name some disadvantages of TNCs for the host country

A

Name some disadvantages of TNCs for the host country

49
Q

Name the case study of a TNC that invested in Nigeria

A

Shell

50
Q

What kind of company is Shell?

A

An oi company

51
Q

What are the advantages of Shell to Nigeria?

A
  • Generating a lot of wealth for Nigeria
  • Directly employing 65,000 people and 250,000 indirectly
  • 91% of all of Shell’s work contracts are given to Nigerian companies rather than foreign companies
52
Q

What are the disadvantages of Shell to Nigeria?

A

Extracting oil creates problems for the natural environment:

-oil spills cause water pollution and are difficult to clean up
-ecosystems are killed off if oil enters water systems; affecting fishing industries
-oil flares give off harmful fumes into the air
-theft of oil is becoming a big problem

53
Q

Name the two different types of aid

A

Emergency aid and development aid

54
Q

What is emergency aid?

A

Aid that is given directly after a natural disaster e.g. an earthquake. Aid may take the form of water, food, medical supplies

55
Q

What is development aid?

A

Aid that happens over a longer term. It may be provided by governments or charities and may include providing education or access to safe water wells in order to improve quality of life

56
Q

What impact can aid have on the receiving country? (+ and -)

A

+ Aid can immediately improve a situation e.g. providing medical aid after a disaster
+ Aid can provide people with the means of helping themselves i.e. tools / knowledge
+ Aid can be the trigger to start development i.e. financial support to start a businesses
- Receiving countries can become reliant upon donor countries
- Some forms of aid aren’t suitable i.e. some technologies

57
Q

Why is Nigeria in need of aid?

A

-It has large amounts of people living in poverty (60+% of the population live on less than US$1 per day.
-Infant mortality rate is high
-Life expectancy is low

57
Q

What aid does Nigeria receive?

A

Some money from HICs - UK and USA World Bank funded business start ups Charity work in communities

58
Q

What impact has aid had in Nigeria?

A

-Most successful aid has been in small communities
-World Bank donations helped start up new businesses which reduced over reliance on oil industry
-Education projects from the USA aim to educate population about HIV/AIDS prevention
-‘Nets for Life’ provide mosquito nets to households

58
Q

Why is aid sometimes difficult to implement?

A

-Sometimes governments are corrupt which means aid isn’t spent on what it is meant to be spent on
-Aid may come with conditions
-Aid is sometimes used to promote interests of the donor country

59
Q

Summarise the Aduwan Health Centre (Nigeria) example

A

-Previously no health clinic
-High levels of HIV/AIDS in the community
-High infant mortality rate
-ActionAid helped to fund build health clinic
-Trained local people about immunisations
-Tested for HIV and other illnesses

60
Q

How has industrial development impacted the environment of Nigeria?

A

-Lots of illegal industries have developed
-In Lagos, many chemicals enter water systems
-Ecosystems damaged by industrial waste
-Dumping industrial waste on land means some chemicals pollute groundwater
-High levels of deforestation to make room for developments
-Land is becoming drier due to large scale dam developments-

61
Q

What are the impacts of urban growth in Nigeria?

A

-High proportions of squatter settlements
-Lack of adequate provisions of services
-Difficulty removing waste
-High levels of traffic congestion and pollution

62
Q

What has been the impact of farming on the environment of Nigeria?

A

Lots of water pollution as a result of illegal farming practices
Building of roads to access farms has led to high levels of deforestation
Increased CO2 emissions
Loss of habitats (500+ plants destroyed)

62
Q

What has been the impact of mining on the environment of Nigeria?

A

-Digging up the ground in search of minerals can cause soil to erode
-Eroded soil can be irreversible
-Oil spills can cause fires

63
Q

How has economic development affected the quality of life in Nigeria?

A

-Better paid jobs available in manufacturing or services
-Higher disposable income
-Improved access to clean water
-Improved infrastructure

64
Q

Has all of Nigeria benefited from economic development?

A

-Nigeria has seen one of the world’s biggest improvements in HDI
-Many Nigerian’s still lack access to clean water Nigeria still depends heavily on oil.
-Nigeria hasn’t fully diversified its economy

65
Q

Define ‘primary sector’

A

Extracting a raw material e.g. mining or farming

66
Q

Define ‘secondary sector’

A

Manufacturing e.g. ship building, car making

67
Q

Define ‘tertiary sector’

A

Providing a service e.g. teacher, shop keeper

68
Q

Define ‘quaternary sector’

A

High tech, knowledge and skills based jobs e.g. IT, research and development

69
Q

How has the UKs economic structure changed?

A

-Increasing numbers employed in tertiary (Services)
-Less employed in primary and secondary
-Increasing number employed in quaternary

69
Q

Define globalisation

A

The increasing interconnections between places around the world, made possible by developments in transport, technology. It leads to the increased movement of goods, services and people around the world.

70
Q

What has caused the UKs change?

A

-The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century led to the increase in manufacturing
-Deindustrialization led to the decline of manufacturing as it shifted to Asia
-Globalisation - led to the increase in quaternary sector and decline in manufacturing in some HICs

71
Q

Define deindustrialisation

A

The loss of a country’s manufacturing industry caused by overseas competition or loss of raw materials

72
Q

What government policies have shaped the UK’s economy?

A
  1. 1945-79: Government supported failing industries. A period of strikes and power cuts
  2. 1979-2010: Government privatised businesses to create more competition. Old industrial land was changed into new retail parks
  3. 2010+ : Government aimed to rebalance the economy. They did this by encouraging new businesses through investment in manufacturing and improving infrastructure.
73
Q

What is the post industrial economy?

A

The growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors that followed the decline of manufacturing industries

74
Q

How has IT led to the development of a post-industrial economy?

A
  • lots of data and information can be stored and shared
  • instant communication around the world
  • broadband in more remote areas connects more places
  • smart phones allow people to work from home
74
Q

Name some jobs in the service sector in the UK

A

Finance, banking, insurance, security

75
Q

Name some of the UKs research industries?

A
  • Universities
  • Ministry of Defence
  • NHS
  • Charities e.g. Cancer Research
75
Q

Why is the research industry important to the UK economy?

A
  • Lots of highly skilled workers
  • Contributes large amount to the economy
  • Growing industry
76
Q

Why are science parks important to the UK?

A
  • They support tertiary industries such as finance
  • Employ large amount of people (75,000 across 100 sites)
  • Employs skilled graduates
77
Q

What is a science park?

A

A group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on one site

78
Q

Why are businesses parks located on the outskirts of towns/cities?

A
  • Close to transport links
  • Land is often cheaper to build on
  • More land available to expand the business park later
  • Businesses can collaborate
78
Q

What is a business park?

A

An area of land comprising of a selection of businesses usually located on the edges of towns

78
Q

What impact does the car industry have on the physical environment?

A
  • Creates air pollution contributing to climate change and breathing problems
  • Large amounts of plastic waste created
  • Manufacturing cars uses a lot of energy
  • Most cars use petrol to run which increases demand for oil drilling
78
Q

What has the car industry done to be more sustainable?

A
  • Move towards electric cars e.g. Nissan Leaf
  • Reduce the waste going to landfill
  • Use less water and energy in production has reduced Nissan, Sunderland now only produces electric cars.
78
Q

Name the case study example of a place experiencing rural population decline

A

Outer Hebrides

79
Q

Name the case study example of a place experiencing rural population growth

A

South Cambridgeshire

80
Q

Why is South Cambridgeshire’s population growing?

A

Lots of migrants from Eastern Europe

81
Q

What are the social impacts of population growth in South Cambridgeshire?

A
  • Increased car ownership is causing more traffic congestion
  • Decline in use of services as commuters use facilities in the city
  • loss of community spirit in the rural areas
  • young people driven out due to high cost of living
82
Q

What are the economic impacts of population growth in South Cambridgeshire?

A
  • loss of employment in farming
  • lack of affordable housing
  • increasing numbers of poor migrants which puts strain on services
83
Q

How have the UK’s roads been improved?

A
  • South-west super highway
  • Extra lanes added to motorways
  • Development of smart motorways
83
Q

Why is the Outer Hebrides population declining?

A

Isolated location, lack of job opportunities for young

83
Q

What are the social impacts of population decline in the Outer Hebrides?

A
  • number of school children will fall
  • fewer people of working age left
  • increasing ageing population puts strain on area
84
Q

How have the UK’s railways been improved?

A
  • Making railways electric
  • Development of High Speed 2 (HS2) - connecting South with Northern cities
  • London’s Crossrail
84
Q

What are the economic impacts of population decline in the Outer Hebrides?

A
  • loss of fishing industry
  • farming jobs don’t offer full time employment
  • increasing levels of tourism has meant the area can’t cope with the high levels of visitors
85
Q

What is the purpose of the road and rail improvements in the UK?

A
  • Boost regional growth in declining areas - - Increase employment (better infrastructure attracts businesses)
  • Reduces congestion and pollution
  • Reduce travel time
  • Connects Southern and Northern Cities
86
Q

How have the UK’s ports been improved?

A

Liverpool2 - doubling the ports capacity to trade.

87
Q

How have the UK’s airports been improved?

A

Expanding Heathrow - building extra terminal and increase runways

88
Q

What is the purpose of the port improvements in the UK?

A
  • Increase trading opportunities
  • Reduce the amount of freight on the roads
  • Create jobs
89
Q

What is the North-South divide?

A

The divide between the North and the South of England. Generally, the South earn higher incomes, have a better of standard of living compared with the North

89
Q

What is the purpose of the airport improvements in the UK?

A
  • Creates jobs
  • Boosts the economy
  • Supports local businesses
90
Q

What is the evidence for the North - South divide?

A
  • Wages are generally lower in the North
  • Health is generally worse in the North
  • Exam results are generally worse in the North
91
Q

Why is there a north - south divide?

A
  • North was prosperous during Industrial Revolution.
  • The North was impacted heavily after heavy industries, such as ship building and mining, declined after 1970s.
  • The South adapted and developed a strong service industry due to its proximity to the capital.
92
Q

How is the government trying to reduce the north - south divide?

A
  1. Devolving power
  2. Creating Enterprise Zones
  3. Northern Powerhouse - a government plan to attract investment to the North
  4. Improving infrastructure (HS2, improving motorways)
93
Q

How does ‘devolving power’ to local councils help to close the north - south divide?

A

Giving councils the power to choose how they spend money to best suit the needs of the area. e.g. transport or regeneration.

94
Q

How does the creation of ‘enterprise zones’ help to close north - south divide?

A

Enterprise zones offer incentives to businesses that locate there, e.g. reduced taxes, access to good infrastructure, less planning restrictions - this encourages more businesses to the area, reducing unemployment.

95
Q

What is the Northern Powerhouse? How does it close the north - south divide?

A

It is a government plan to focus on improving the north of England. It includes specific plans to encourage more investment in the North and improved transport to connect it to the South.

95
Q

In what ways is the UK connected to other countries?

A
  1. Trade - the UK trades with the USA, Asia and Europe
  2. Culture - British TV shows are shown worldwide
  3. Transport - the UK is well connected by the Channel tunnel, rail and airports
  4. Electronic communications - most internet and phone cables connect USA to Europe via UK.
  5. EU - being a member of the EU allows the UK to freely trade with other EU countries
  6. Commonwealth - the UK is part of the commonwealth with aims to improve the well being of other Commonwealth countries.

geography paper 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions