Changing Economic World Flashcards
What is the human development index?
A composite indicator of development, including indicators such as gross national income, adult literacy rate and life expectancy.
How do you calculate population change?
BR + IR - DR - ER
Describe stage 1 of the DTM.
High Stationary
Birth rate around 40
Death rate around 40
Steady population
Describe stage 2 of the DTM.
Early Expanding (LIC)
Birth rate around 40
Death rate around 40 to 20
Growing population
Describe stage 3 of the DTM.
Late Expanding (NEE)
Birth rate around 40 to 20
Death rate around 20 to 10
Increasing population growth
Describe stage 4 of the (DTM)
Low Stationary (HIC)
Birth rate around 20 to 10
Death rate around <10
Decreasing population growth
Describe stage 5 of the (DTM)
Declining
Birth rate around <10
Death rate increasing?
Slight population decrease
Give some historical reasons for unequal development.
- Colonialism: between the 1870s and 1900s, European countries began to take control of Asian and African countries in order to gain access to the natural resources there. Wealth from raw materials went straight to colonial powers, leaving the colony poor.
- Long term conflict in some countries has destroyed infrastructure, as well as resulting in huge losses to the population.
Give some economic reasons for unequal development.
- LIC’s have little manufacturing industry to add value to their raw materials.
- Rich countries hold a lot of the trading power, setting the conditions for trade.
Give physical reasons for unequal development.
- Landlocked countries depend on other countries’ cooperation to move goods into their country.
- Tropical areas have more climate related diseases and pests than cooler parts of the world.
- Extreme weather, such as tropical storms, droughts and floods most often hit tropical areas.
What is foreign direct investment (FDI)?
When money is injected into other countries from TNCs.
Give an example of how TNC investment has helped develop a country.
Dyson, in around 2003, moved its manufacturing from the UK to Malaysia.
Benefits for Malaysia: investment helps the country develop, with the increased workers’ earnings helping to boost the Malaysian economy.
Benefits for the UK: Dyson’s profits increase, and the increased corporate taxes mean more money is available for public services in the UK, such as health and education.
Malaysia’s GDP rise does seem to have accelerated a little since 2003.
Name and describe the three different kinds of aid.
Voluntary aid: money is collected from organisations such as Oxfam, which is spent on a variety of schemes. Governments may also contribute.
Bilateral aid: money from one country to another, e.g. Britain sent money and experts to build a dam in Turkey.
Multilateral aid: organisations such as the WHO and UNESCO include man countries in giving help.
What are some problems with aid?
- International aid schemes have been criticised, as the building of expensive, prestigious buildings like hospitals mainly help the urban rich.
- Many involve inappropriate technology – e.g. a tractor is no use without fuel or spare parts.
- Some projects may suffer from corruption.
What is appropriate aid?
- Affordable for the poor
- Includes locals in the design and planning of it
- Easy to build and use
- Easy and cheap to maintain
- Uses local materials where possible
What are some examples of water aid?
Water takes a lot of time and effort to collect in LICs, so water aid makes a big difference.
Rainwater harvesting: captures and collects rainwater for future use. Uses gutters directing to water tanks.
Hand-pump borehole: a borehole is drilled into the ground, then water is pumped from groundwater using a hand pump. The water is clean and disease-free.
Hippo rollers: large rollable tanks that can carry 90L of water long distances. They are easy and cheap to use and maintain, although water collected is not necessarily clean.
Bike-powered water pump: the rear wheel of the bike is attached to the pump of the well, and can bring up 40L of water per minute. The bike can then speed up transport back and forth.
How has tourism helped development of a LIC?
Tourism has boomed in Kenya recently. In 2007, over 1.8 million visited. Since 2000, its HDI has increased by 0.13 to 0.58.
What tourist attractions does Kenya have to offer?
- Snorkelling and beach holidays in Lamu
- Culture with the Maasai Mara
- Elephants in Tsavo
- Forests in Nairobi
- Mountaineering and hiking at Mount Kenya
- Sightseeing at Lake Victoria
What are the advantages of tourism in Kenya?
- Tourism now contributes to over 12% of Kenya’s GDP
- The money spent in seeing national parks gives money to be spend on preserving the wildlife there
- Nearly 600,000 people are directly employed by tourism
- Money can be used to develop the country – e.g. Mombassa now has a reliable water supply
What are the disadvantages of tourism in Kenya?
- Only a small proportion of the money earned goes to locals. The rest goes to big companies, often based in HICs overseas. This is known as leakage.
- Some tribes were forced off the land to create national parks for tourists.
- Tourists’ vehicles damage the environment, such as during safaris.
- The tourism industry is vulnerable: natural hazards or terror attacks could put an end to it (Tunisia experienced a huge drop in tourists after a terror attack in 2015)
- Animal behaviour is changing due to interferences from tourists
What is the primary sector of the economy?
Extracting and selling raw materials.
What is the secondary sector of the economy?
Turning raw materials into manufactured goods.
What is the tertiary sector of the economy?
Selling services and skills, such as finance, medicine, office staff and teaching.
What is the quaternary sector of the economy?
Information services such as computing, research and development, and the media.
What is a footloose industry?
One which is not tied to any particular location or country and can relocate to another place without effect from factors of production such as resources, land, labour, and capital.
What makes the location of Cambridge Science Park so successful?
- Cambridge is a good location for a science park because it has good transport links, such as the airport and the M11 giving it easy access to London.
- It is near Cambridge University which will input the newest academic study and research.
- It is in the city’s outskirts, making the land cheaper, and there is more green space, allowing for a nicer working environment.
Why are rural landscapes changing?
- Improvements in transport allow commutes from countryside to city
- New technology allows working from anywhere
- As farming has become more mechanised, rural job opportunities have become more limited
- The younger generations tend to move to cities for employment and university.
- There is less pollution and stress in the countryside compared to city life.
- House prices are often high in some rural areas.
What are the effects of a declining rural area?
- Number of school children decline, leading to school closures
- Fewer people of working age to fill rural jobs on farms
- Fewer customers results in a struggle to maintain the economy
- Increasing ageing population
- Public transport routes shut down due to lack of demand
What are the principles of sustainable industry?
- Energy efficient
- Conserve natural materials
- Reduce the need for fossil fuels
- Reduce waste
- Be socially sustainable (consider well-being)
What are the sustainable features of the Google Landscraper?
- The building contains a wellness centre, with a swimming pool and an indoor sports pitch
- There is a rooftop garden with a 200m trail through it
- There are just four parking spaces: sustainable travel is necessary
- The roof contains solar panels
- The concrete structure helps regulate temperature and reduces the need of heating and cooling
What is the North-South divide?
The real or imagined differences in culture and economy between the North and South of England.
What is gentrification?
The process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process.
Name some inequalities between the North and South of England.
- The North-East has an unemployment rate of 6%, the South-East is at 3%
- The life expectancy in Glasgow was 72 years, but 84 in Cornwall
- The average London salary is about £34,000, the average for Manchester is about £27,000
What causes the North-South divide?
- Poor transport links
- Farthest away from government
- Deindustrialisation of northern cities
- Lack of investment
- Isolation from trade partners in Europe
- Closure of coal mines in the North
Describe how the improvements in the UK’s infrastructure will improve the economy and reduce inequality: PORTS
Liverpool 2:
- £400 million project to expand UK’s largest transatlantic port.
- new advanced terminal to increase efficiency
- increased access to trade in North
Describe how the improvements in the UK’s infrastructure will improve the economy and reduce inequality: AIRPORTS
Heathrow expansion vs Manchester expansion:
- Heathrow for helping London compete with other big cities like New York
- Heathrow for £200 billion economy boost
- Heathrow for increasing employment in London
- Manchester for fewer people affected by noise
- Manchester for boosting the North’s economy
- Manchester for improving North’s connectedness
Describe how the improvements in the UK’s infrastructure will improve the economy and reduce inequality: RAILS
- HS2 will reduce London to Birmingham to 49mins, and to Manchester, 1hr 8mins
- £40 billion to UK economy
- Reduce pollution
- Demolition of many homes in Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire
- Only major cities are connected
Describe how the improvements in the UK’s infrastructure will improve the economy and reduce inequality: ROADS
- £2 billion currently cost from road congestion each year
- Smart motorways: hard shoulder to be used as 4th lane
- Variable speed limit to smooth traffic
- Active warning signs
- More dangerous due to no hard shoulder
