Changing cultural traditions Flashcards
1
Q
Which culture developed during 14th to 17 century in Europe?
A
An urban culture developed
2
Q
Townspeople thought of themselves as more _________ than the rural people
A
Civilised
3
Q
The centres of art and learning were?
A
- Florence.
- Venice.
- Rome.
4
Q
__________ came to be seen as something each individual should choose for himself
A
Religion
5
Q
What were the sources of European history of the 14th century?
A
1.Documents.
2. Printed books.
3. Paintings.
4. Sculptures.
5. Buildings.
6. Textiles.
6
Q
Renaissance, as a moment started in?
A
Italy
7
Q
What is the literal meaning of Renaissance?
A
Rebirth
8
Q
Here, Renaissance is used to refer to rebirth of what?
A
Here it refers to the rebirth of classical literature and knowledge
9
Q
Which university did Jacob Burkhardt study from?
A
University of Basle, Switzerland
10
Q
Jacob B. was a ______ and a_______ who emphasised ________ the most
A
- Historian. 2. Swiss scholar. 3. Renaissance.
11
Q
Who was the teacher of Jacob Burckhart?
A
German historian, Leopold Von Ranke (1795- 1886)
12
Q
Which book did JB write?
A
The civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy
13
Q
In which year did JB write his book?
A
1860
14
Q
In JB’s book, he called his readers attention to?
A
Literature, architecture, and painting
15
Q
What do you mean by humanist culture?
A
A new belief that man has an individual was capable of making his own decisions and develop in his skills. He was “modern” in contrast to the “mediaeval”man who is thinking was controlled by the church.
16
Q
How was Italian culture revived?
A
- Trade between byzantine empire and Islamic countries revived the ports on Italian coast.
- From the 12th century Mongols traded with China and Europe countries, so Italian towns played a major role.
17
Q
What were the two republic of Italy and what were the other city is called?
A
Florence and Venice were the two republics. Others were court cities that were ruled by princes.
18
Q
The sense of belongingness was not derived. It came from _______
A
Cities
19
Q
Two most vibrant cities of Italy
A
Venice and Genoa
20
Q
Who were the three Muslim writers who were regarded as Manu wisdom in the Italian World?
A
- Ibn Sina.
- Al - Razi.
- Ibn Rushd.
21
Q
Who was Ibn Rushd?
A
He was an Arab philosopher of Spain and tried to resolve tensions between philosophical knowledge and religious beliefs.
22
Q
Who was Ibn Sina?
A
An Arab physician, who was philosopher of Bukhara
23
Q
Who was al-razi?
A
Author of a medical encyclopaedia
24
Q
Who wrote on the importance of debate?
A
A humanist of Florence Giovanni Mirandola, wrote ON THE DIGNITY OF MAN (1486)
25
______________ carries the Arabic definite article ‘al’
Ptolemy’s Almagest
26
Who dominated public life and were the decision makers?
Men from aristocratic families
27
Where were dowries invested?
Family business
28
Women had a say in how husband should run their business. True or false?
False
29
Marriages were intended to ________
Strengthen business alliances
30
If adequate dowry could not be arranged, then what happened?
Daughters were sent to convents to live life of nun
31
Women were looked upon as?
Keepers of households
32
Where was the position of Women slightly better?
In the families of merchants
33
How is the position of Women better in family of merchants?
1. Wives assisted shopkeeper in running the shop.
2. Looked after the business, while male members were away for work.
3. If merchant died early, widow had a larger public role as compared to aristocratic families.
34
What was Fedele known for?
1. She questioned the idea that women were incapable of achieving the qualities of a humanist scholar.
2. Known for her skills in greek and latin.
3. She was invited to give orations in the university of Padua.
35
What were the three main things, Women strongly believed they should have?
1. Economic power.
2. Property.
3. Education to achieve an identity in a world dominated by men.
36
In which centuries were the scholars of north Europe influenced by humanism?
15th and 16th
37
In north Europe, humanism attracted whom?
Members of church
38
What did the members of church encourage the Christians to do?
1. Practice the religion in the way it was laid down in the ancient texts.
2. Removing unnecessary rituals.
3. Simplifying the religion.
39
Who were the main Christian humanists?
Thomas More (England) Erasmus (Holland)
40
What did the Christian humanist feel?
Felt that Church had become an institution marked by greed, which extorted (forced) money from the ordinary people
41
What was the favourite method of clergy?
To sell indulgences
42
What were indulgences?
Documents that apparently freed the buyer from the sind he had committed
43
Who started protestant reformation
German Monk, Martin Luther
44
Protestant Reformation was against _______ and it argued that _______
1. The Catholic Church. 2. A person did not need priest to establish a relationship with God.
45
Where did the Catholic church manage to retain influence?
Rural areas. (because here are people could not read or write, so they were depending on priests)
46
Which reformer wanted a radical changes like ending taxes and oppression?
Anabaptists
47
Martin Luther supported radicalism. True or false?
False
48
In Spain who wanted to combat Protestantism?
Ignatius Loyola
49
Which society was set up to combat Protestantism?
Society of Jesus, 1540
50
What was the mission of Society of Jesus, 1540?
To serve the poor and widen their knowledge of other cultures
51
Followers of society of Jesus?
Jesuits
52
Who translated bible to English and believed that bible should be directly?
William Tyndale
53
What was the pivotal part of scientific revolution?
The Copernican Revolution
54
What shift did the copernican revolution include?
It involved shift from traditional EARTH CENTRIC MODEL (earth Centre of universe) to the HELIOCENTRIC MODEL (sun at the centre).
55
What was the manuscript of Copernicus is called?
De Revolutionibus
56
Who was the follower of Copernicus?
Joachim Rheticus (he was given his manuscript on his death bed)
57
Who confirmed that planets, move around the sun and in ellipse is not circles
Galileo Galileo and Kepler
58
Define the scientific revolution.
Scientific revolution was the change from 16th to 17th century from belief to knowledge based on observation and experimentation.
59
Who suggested that Jacob exaggerated the difference between 14 century and the period before it?
Peter Burke of England
60
Many elements associated with Renaissance can be tracked back to which centuries?
12th and 13th
61
In which century did France also experience a similar literary and artistic Blooming
9th century
62
Europeans learnt not just from the Greeks and Romans. Who else did they learn things from?
1. India
2. Iran
3. Arabia.
4. Central Asia.
5. China.
These debts were not acknowledged .
63
What were the two major changes that did happen in the 14th century?
1. Private and public spheres separated.
2. Different regions of Europe started to have separate identity based on language.
64
What came under the public sphere?
it was the area of government and formal religion
65
What came under the private sphere?
Family and personal religion
66
Who governed the Venice and Genoa?
Here clergy was not politically dominant, and there were not many powerful feudal lords.
Therefore RICH MERCHANTS and BANKERS governed these cities
67
The city state passage is written by whom?
Cardinal Contarini
68
What did Cardinal Contarini Write?
The Commonwealth and government of Venice
69
The Commonwealth and government of Venice talks about what?
It talks about how the government of Venice operated in the past
70
The Venetian government was controlled by _________
Council of men who were 25 or older
71
Why were common people not allowed to join this council of the Venetian government?
Because it was believed that common people caused troubles and tumults
72
Were people in power allowed to join the Council?
Yes, certain people who were in power joined the council
73
Which individuals were valued in the Venetian government?
Those who were skilled and virtuous, even if they weren’t rich
74
Earliest universities in Europe had been set up in ________
Italian towns
75
Centres of legal studies were which universities?
Universities of Padua and Bologna
76
What was the popular subject of study?
Law
77
Who is known as father of humanism?
Francesco Petrarch
78
What did Petra believe?
He believed that understanding, wisdom, ideas and achievements of ancient Greeks and Romans required reading their ORIGINAL TEXTS closely
79
Petrarch was given title of _____ in Rome
Poet Laureate
80
By the 15th century, humanist was used for masters who taught?
1. Grammar.
2. Poetry.
3. Rhetoric.
4. History.
5. Moral philosophy.
81
Humanities was basically the study of
Man
82
Humanities subjects emphasised what?
The skills developed by individuals through DISCUSSION and DEBATE
83
Florence was known because of?
1.Dante Aligheri (wrote on religious themes)
2. Giotto (painted life like portraits)
84
The most exciting and intellectual city in Italy was?
Florence. It was the centre of artistic creativity.
85
Define Renaissance man
Renaissance Man- The term is used to describe a person with many interest and skills. And one who was accomplished in multiple fields.
86
What was the dark age?
It was time where everything was controlled by the church, and there was no individualism
87
What were the middle ages?
Time when church had such control over men’s minds that all the learning of Greeks and Romans had been blotted out
88
In 14 century, scholars began to read the translated works of greek writers. Who were these greek writers?
Plato and Aristotle
89
Who translated the works of greek writers?
Arab translators. They had preserved and translated ancient manuscripts.
90
________ carries the Arabic definite article ‘al’
Ptolemy’s Almagest
91
Renaissance art included?
Nudes. It was celebration of human body.
92
Which type of paintings started in this period?
Oil paintings
93
What did Donatello do?
he broke new ground with his life like statues
94
Artist concern was helped by the work of _____
Scientists
95
First person to defect the human body?
Andreas Vesalius
96
How did knowledge of geometry help painters?
1. Helped them understand perspective.
2. They learnt that by changing quality of light, their pictures appeared three dimensional.
97
How did knowledge of geometry help painters?
1. Helped them understand perspective.
2. They learnt that by changing quality of light, their pictures appeared three dimensional.
98
Colours and designs of costumes were inspired by which art
Chinese and Persian art
99
Define realism
Anatomy, geometry, physics, as well as a strong sense of what was beautiful, gave new quality to Italian art, which was called realism. This continued till the 19th century.
100
Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for the Pope?
Michaelangelo
101
Who made The Pieta?
MichaelAngelo
102
What else was Michael Angelo known for?
He was also known for his design of the dome of Saint Peter’s Church
103
Who designed the Duomo of Florence?
Brunelleschi
104
What was the greatest revolution of the 16th century?
The master of technology of printing
105
Europeans were indebted for printing to whom?
Chinese and Mongol rulers
106
Name three, other important innovations too
1. Firearms.
2. Compass.
3. The Abacus
107
____ copies of bible were printed in the Gutenberg workshop
150
108
Now that printed books became available, what happened?
1. Students didn’t have to solely rely on lecture notes.
2. Reading habit developed.
109
Who defended wealth as a virtue?
Francesco Barbaro
110
Who criticised Christian injunction against pleasure?
Lorenzo Valla. He wrote ‘On Pleasure’
