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History 11 > Changing cultural traditions > Flashcards

Changing cultural traditions Flashcards

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1
Q

Which culture developed during 14th to 17 century in Europe?

A

An urban culture developed

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2
Q

Townspeople thought of themselves as more _________ than the rural people

A

Civilised

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3
Q

The centres of art and learning were?

A
  1. Florence.
  2. Venice.
  3. Rome.
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4
Q

__________ came to be seen as something each individual should choose for himself

A

Religion

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5
Q

What were the sources of European history of the 14th century?

A

1.Documents.
2. Printed books.
3. Paintings.
4. Sculptures.
5. Buildings.
6. Textiles.

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6
Q

Renaissance, as a moment started in?

A

Italy

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7
Q

What is the literal meaning of Renaissance?

A

Rebirth

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8
Q

Here, Renaissance is used to refer to rebirth of what?

A

Here it refers to the rebirth of classical literature and knowledge

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9
Q

Which university did Jacob Burkhardt study from?

A

University of Basle, Switzerland

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10
Q

Jacob B. was a ______ and a_______ who emphasised ________ the most

A
  1. Historian. 2. Swiss scholar. 3. Renaissance.
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11
Q

Who was the teacher of Jacob Burckhart?

A

German historian, Leopold Von Ranke (1795- 1886)

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12
Q

Which book did JB write?

A

The civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy

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13
Q

In which year did JB write his book?

A

1860

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14
Q

In JB’s book, he called his readers attention to?

A

Literature, architecture, and painting

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15
Q

What do you mean by humanist culture?

A

A new belief that man has an individual was capable of making his own decisions and develop in his skills. He was “modern” in contrast to the “mediaeval”man who is thinking was controlled by the church.

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16
Q

How was Italian culture revived?

A
  1. Trade between byzantine empire and Islamic countries revived the ports on Italian coast.
  2. From the 12th century Mongols traded with China and Europe countries, so Italian towns played a major role.
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17
Q

What were the two republic of Italy and what were the other city is called?

A

Florence and Venice were the two republics. Others were court cities that were ruled by princes.

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18
Q

The sense of belongingness was not derived. It came from _______

A

Cities

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19
Q

Two most vibrant cities of Italy

A

Venice and Genoa

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20
Q

Who were the three Muslim writers who were regarded as Manu wisdom in the Italian World?

A
  1. Ibn Sina.
  2. Al - Razi.
  3. Ibn Rushd.
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21
Q

Who was Ibn Rushd?

A

He was an Arab philosopher of Spain and tried to resolve tensions between philosophical knowledge and religious beliefs.

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22
Q

Who was Ibn Sina?

A

An Arab physician, who was philosopher of Bukhara

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23
Q

Who was al-razi?

A

Author of a medical encyclopaedia

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24
Q

Who wrote on the importance of debate?

A

A humanist of Florence Giovanni Mirandola, wrote ON THE DIGNITY OF MAN (1486)

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25
Q

______________ carries the Arabic definite article ‘al’

A

Ptolemy’s Almagest

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26
Q

Who dominated public life and were the decision makers?

A

Men from aristocratic families

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27
Q

Where were dowries invested?

A

Family business

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28
Q

Women had a say in how husband should run their business. True or false?

A

False

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29
Q

Marriages were intended to ________

A

Strengthen business alliances

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30
Q

If adequate dowry could not be arranged, then what happened?

A

Daughters were sent to convents to live life of nun

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31
Q

Women were looked upon as?

A

Keepers of households

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32
Q

Where was the position of Women slightly better?

A

In the families of merchants

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33
Q

How is the position of Women better in family of merchants?

A
  1. Wives assisted shopkeeper in running the shop.
  2. Looked after the business, while male members were away for work.
  3. If merchant died early, widow had a larger public role as compared to aristocratic families.
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34
Q

What was Fedele known for?

A
  1. She questioned the idea that women were incapable of achieving the qualities of a humanist scholar.
  2. Known for her skills in greek and latin.
  3. She was invited to give orations in the university of Padua.
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35
Q

What were the three main things, Women strongly believed they should have?

A
  1. Economic power.
  2. Property.
  3. Education to achieve an identity in a world dominated by men.
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36
Q

In which centuries were the scholars of north Europe influenced by humanism?

A

15th and 16th

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37
Q

In north Europe, humanism attracted whom?

A

Members of church

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38
Q

What did the members of church encourage the Christians to do?

A
  1. Practice the religion in the way it was laid down in the ancient texts.
  2. Removing unnecessary rituals.
  3. Simplifying the religion.
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39
Q

Who were the main Christian humanists?

A

Thomas More (England) Erasmus (Holland)

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40
Q

What did the Christian humanist feel?

A

Felt that Church had become an institution marked by greed, which extorted (forced) money from the ordinary people

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41
Q

What was the favourite method of clergy?

A

To sell indulgences

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42
Q

What were indulgences?

A

Documents that apparently freed the buyer from the sind he had committed

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43
Q

Who started protestant reformation

A

German Monk, Martin Luther

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44
Q

Protestant Reformation was against _______ and it argued that _______

A
  1. The Catholic Church. 2. A person did not need priest to establish a relationship with God.
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45
Q

Where did the Catholic church manage to retain influence?

A

Rural areas. (because here are people could not read or write, so they were depending on priests)

46
Q

Which reformer wanted a radical changes like ending taxes and oppression?

A

Anabaptists

47
Q

Martin Luther supported radicalism. True or false?

A

False

48
Q

In Spain who wanted to combat Protestantism?

A

Ignatius Loyola

49
Q

Which society was set up to combat Protestantism?

A

Society of Jesus, 1540

50
Q

What was the mission of Society of Jesus, 1540?

A

To serve the poor and widen their knowledge of other cultures

51
Q

Followers of society of Jesus?

A

Jesuits

52
Q

Who translated bible to English and believed that bible should be directly?

A

William Tyndale

53
Q

What was the pivotal part of scientific revolution?

A

The Copernican Revolution

54
Q

What shift did the copernican revolution include?

A

It involved shift from traditional EARTH CENTRIC MODEL (earth Centre of universe) to the HELIOCENTRIC MODEL (sun at the centre).

55
Q

What was the manuscript of Copernicus is called?

A

De Revolutionibus

56
Q

Who was the follower of Copernicus?

A

Joachim Rheticus (he was given his manuscript on his death bed)

57
Q

Who confirmed that planets, move around the sun and in ellipse is not circles

A

Galileo Galileo and Kepler

58
Q

Define the scientific revolution.

A

Scientific revolution was the change from 16th to 17th century from belief to knowledge based on observation and experimentation.

59
Q

Who suggested that Jacob exaggerated the difference between 14 century and the period before it?

A

Peter Burke of England

60
Q

Many elements associated with Renaissance can be tracked back to which centuries?

A

12th and 13th

61
Q

In which century did France also experience a similar literary and artistic Blooming

A

9th century

62
Q

Europeans learnt not just from the Greeks and Romans. Who else did they learn things from?

A
  1. India
  2. Iran
  3. Arabia.
  4. Central Asia.
  5. China.

These debts were not acknowledged .

63
Q

What were the two major changes that did happen in the 14th century?

A
  1. Private and public spheres separated.
  2. Different regions of Europe started to have separate identity based on language.
64
Q

What came under the public sphere?

A

it was the area of government and formal religion

65
Q

What came under the private sphere?

A

Family and personal religion

66
Q

Who governed the Venice and Genoa?

A

Here clergy was not politically dominant, and there were not many powerful feudal lords.
Therefore RICH MERCHANTS and BANKERS governed these cities

67
Q

The city state passage is written by whom?

A

Cardinal Contarini

68
Q

What did Cardinal Contarini Write?

A

The Commonwealth and government of Venice

69
Q

The Commonwealth and government of Venice talks about what?

A

It talks about how the government of Venice operated in the past

70
Q

The Venetian government was controlled by _________

A

Council of men who were 25 or older

71
Q

Why were common people not allowed to join this council of the Venetian government?

A

Because it was believed that common people caused troubles and tumults

72
Q

Were people in power allowed to join the Council?

A

Yes, certain people who were in power joined the council

73
Q

Which individuals were valued in the Venetian government?

A

Those who were skilled and virtuous, even if they weren’t rich

74
Q

Earliest universities in Europe had been set up in ________

A

Italian towns

75
Q

Centres of legal studies were which universities?

A

Universities of Padua and Bologna

76
Q

What was the popular subject of study?

A

Law

77
Q

Who is known as father of humanism?

A

Francesco Petrarch

78
Q

What did Petra believe?

A

He believed that understanding, wisdom, ideas and achievements of ancient Greeks and Romans required reading their ORIGINAL TEXTS closely

79
Q

Petrarch was given title of _____ in Rome

A

Poet Laureate

80
Q

By the 15th century, humanist was used for masters who taught?

A
  1. Grammar.
  2. Poetry.
  3. Rhetoric.
  4. History.
  5. Moral philosophy.
81
Q

Humanities was basically the study of

A

Man

82
Q

These subjects emphasised what?

A

The skills developed by individuals through DISCUSSION and DEBATE

83
Q

Florence was known because of?

A

1.Dante Aligheri (wrote on religious themes)
2. Giotto (painted life like portraits)

84
Q

The most exciting and intellectual city in Italy was?

A

Florence. It was the centre of artistic creativity.

85
Q

Define Renaissance man

A

Renaissance Man- The term is used to describe a person with many interest and skills. And one who was accomplished in multiple fields.

86
Q

What was the dark age?

A

It was time where everything was controlled by the church, and there was no individualism

87
Q

What were the middle ages?

A

Time when church had such control over men’s minds that all the learning of Greeks and Romans had been blotted out

88
Q

In 14 century, scholars began to read the translated works of greek writers. Who were these greek writers?

A

Plato and Aristotle

89
Q

Who translated the works of greek writers?

A

Arab translators. They had preserved and translated ancient manuscripts.

90
Q

________ carries the Arabic definite article ‘al’

A

Ptolemy’s Almagest

91
Q

Renaissance art included?

A

Nudes. It was celebration of human body.

92
Q

Which type of paintings started in this period?

A

Oil paintings

93
Q

What did Donatello do?

A

he broke new ground with his life like statues

94
Q

Artist concern was helped by the work of _____

A

Scientists

95
Q

First person to defect the human body?

A

Andreas Vesalius

96
Q

How did knowledge of geometry help painters?

A
  1. Helped them understand perspective.
  2. They learnt that by changing quality of light, their pictures appeared three dimensional.
97
Q

How did knowledge of geometry help painters?

A
  1. Helped them understand perspective.
  2. They learnt that by changing quality of light, their pictures appeared three dimensional.
98
Q

Colours and designs of costumes were inspired by which art

A

Chinese and Persian art

99
Q

Define realism

A

Anatomy, geometry, physics, as well as a strong sense of what was beautiful, gave new quality to Italian art, which was called realism. This continued till the 19th century.

100
Q

Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for the Pope?

A

Michaelangelo

101
Q

Who made The Pieta?

A

MichaelAngelo

102
Q

What else was Michael Angelo known for?

A

He was also known for his design of the dome of Saint Peter’s Church

103
Q

Who designed the Duomo of Florence?

A

Brunelleschi

104
Q

What was the greatest revolution of the 16th century?

A

The master of technology of printing

105
Q

Europeans were indebted for printing to whom?

A

Chinese and Mongol rulers

106
Q

Name three, other important innovations too

A
  1. Firearms.
  2. Compass.
  3. The Abacus
107
Q

____ copies of bible were printed in the Gutenberg workshop

A

150

108
Q

Now that printed books became available, what happened?

A
  1. Students didn’t have to solely rely on lecture notes.
  2. Reading habit developed.
109
Q

Who defended wealth as a virtue?

A

Francesco Barbaro

110
Q

Who criticised Christian injunction against pleasure?

A

Lorenzo Valla. He wrote ‘On Pleasure’

History 11 (2 decks)

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