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Geography Paper 2 > Changing Cities > Flashcards

Changing Cities Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rate of urbanisation?

A

The speed at which settlements are built.

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2
Q

What is the degree of urbanisation?

A

The amount of built up area that has developed in a region.

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3
Q

What is site?

A

The land that the settlement is built on.

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4
Q

What is situation?

A

Where the settlement is compared to physical and human features around it.

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5
Q

What is the CBD?

A

The centre of the city;it contains the most important shops, businesses and entertainment facilities.

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6
Q

Suburbanisation?

A

The growth of a town or city into the surrounding countryside.

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7
Q

Counter-urbanisation?

A

The movement of people from cities to countryside areas.

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8
Q

Decentralisation?

A

the process of spreading power or people away from the central authority.

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9
Q

What are the effects of urbanisation?

A
  • in developing countries shanty towns begin to develop
  • air, noise and water pollution all increase
  • the gap between the rich and poor widens (more in emerging and developing countries)
  • investment increases, leading to greater economic opportunities
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10
Q

Effects of urbanisation in developing countries?

A
  • unemployment: in Cairo there are such few jobs that people pick up litter and sell it. this means people have to do horrible things to make a living
  • education: there aren’t enough places in schools in some urban areas, leading to overcrowding, resources won’t be as developed
  • shanty towns: lack of housing and higher rent is causing people to build on wasteland
  • agriculture: people who are left in the countryside will soon be unable to work therefore there will be a drop in food supplies
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11
Q

Effects of urbanisation on developed countries?

A
  • overcrowded cities: unable to cope with the amount of people who want to live there
  • housing: cost of housing increases and not enough housing, number of people living increases
  • transport: cannot cope with the amount of people, overcrowding/ long waiting times and journeys
  • education: long waiting lists for children who wish to join schools
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12
Q

CBD of Birmingham?

A
  • main hub of the city
  • offices, shops, theatres, hotels
  • redevelopment introduced the bull ring shopping centre in Birmingham
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13
Q

Describe inner city in Birmingham

A

-redeveloped in the 1970s, tightly packed terrace houses and blocks of flats

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14
Q

Describe suburbs in Birmingham

A
  • redeveloped in the 1970s

- lower building density and semi detached housing

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15
Q

Describe the rural-urban fringe in Birmingham

A
  • fewer larger more recently built detached housing

- out of town shopping centres and industrial units are sited there.

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16
Q

Describe Birmingham’s site?

A
  • located on a plateau in a prime part of the midlands region
  • began as a small village on a dry point site
  • south facing sandstone ridge
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17
Q

Describe Birmingham’s connectivity

A
  • leading cities for parks (covers 3500 hectares)

- 2010 ranked for the 15th most sutainable city in the uk

18
Q

Describe Birmingham’s situation?

A
  • located centrally in England
  • excellent road links to the north and south
  • railways, canals etc.
19
Q

Describe Birmingham’s culture?

A
  • multicultural city wiht an estimated 22% of the population born outside the uk
  • in a 2011 census, 13.5% identified themselves as Pakistani and 6% Indian
20
Q

Process of change in Birmingham

A
  • urbanisation: influenced by manufacturing e.g. jewellery. small housing was built for workers coming in from the countryside
  • suburbanisation: 1920s, rising population meant building new housing on outskirts of the city, they new estates mainly semi detached
  • counterurbanistaion: five new comprehensive development areas built in inner city; people were forced out of these areas to places like redditch
  • reurbanisation: more people want to work in the centre again, close to work/amenities. modernisation of flats and building of new apartments near canals
21
Q

Give reasons international migration?

A
  • people moving in currently who have fled conflict in countries such as Syria
  • people moving in in the past in response to employee shortages, encouraged by the UK government to fill in key job posts
22
Q

Give reasons for national migration?

A
  • people moving out to retirment destinations in the south, such as bournemouth
  • people moving in because increased investment in birmingham’s cbd has created more employment opportunities
23
Q

Impacts of migration on Birmingham?

A

-multiculturism: 42% pf residents are from ethnic groups other than white; 16% do not have English as their first
language
-ethnic communities; 1970s many migrants settled in sparkbrook and sparkhill (cheaper rent). communities have developed their own shops, places of worship
-services: having more people in the city is putting increased pressure on key sevices such as GP surgeries.
-younger population: percentage of people aged 20-35 is higher than the uk average- 66% of the pop. is under 45
-housing: in 2015, it was estimated that the city’s housing demands were higher than expected, riing by an extra 5000.

24
Q

Population characteristics of Birmingham?

A
  • in 2014, birmingham had a total population of 1.1 million
  • the key reasons for pop. growth are increased birth rate, rise in international migration and a declining death rate from improved healthcare.
  • youthful pop: 22.9% of the population were children which is 19% higher than the national average
  • in 2014, 13.5% were of pensionable age
25
Q

Causes of deindustrialisation in Birmingham?

A

-development in transport: in the 1970s the ring road was built, some fcatories were removed to make room for the
route, affects local economy, creates unemployment, need to retrain workers.
-decentralisation: inner city ring redeveloped so old factories were removed to make way for housing, empty factory units are eyesores and encourage vandalism and are a public health risk.
-tech advances: slow adaptations of new advances whihc made some industries less efficient than higher tech rivals and closed down
-globalisation: increased imports of foreign cars, less demand for cars produced in birmingham

26
Q

Why did urbanisation happen in Birmingham?

A
  • they began to manufacture jewellery, guns, brass etc.
  • this leads to more job opportunites
  • more people move in
27
Q

when did suburbanisation take place in birmingham?

A

1920s

28
Q

why did suburbanisation take place in birmingham?

A

Birmingham had to expand for more housing.

29
Q

When did counter urbanisation occur in Birmingham and why?

A

1970s

-this was boosted by the development of the inner city areas which forced people to move out

30
Q

What is quality of life?

A

-the degree of wellbeing felt by an indivual or group in a particular area

31
Q

Explain the strategies used by a UK city to improve sustainability.

A
  • encouragement of use of public transport , cycling and walking
  • supported use of hybrid buses which could save 378 tonnes of carbon every year
  • improved recycling system to reduce waste sent to landfill sites, now recycles 30% of waste, but lower than national average of 40%
32
Q

Mexico City

A
  • site: began as a settlement on an island in Lake Texacoco in the Aztec times
  • connectivity: major highways make it the main link between North and South America. It is also the national base for TV, theatre and radio
  • situation:located on a central plateau, a flat landscape surrounded by mountains and volcanoes
  • culture: Mexico City is the largest Spanish speaking city in the world
33
Q

CBD of Mexico City

A

-the main financial hub characterised by office blocks, including the mexican stock exchange and government buildings. now attracts high value retailers

34
Q

Inner city of Mexico City

A

-apartment blocks

35
Q

Suburbs of Mexico City

A

-gated communities and tight security

36
Q

Urban rural fringe of Mexico City

A

-shanty towns

37
Q

Explain why the population increased in Mexico City

A
  • introduction:one of the biggest megacities, 1950 population was 4.5 million, now 21 million. this has been caused by economic investment, natural increase , rural urban migration
  • rural-urban migration- people looking for alt jobs, better housing, clean water and healthcare
  • natural increase- this happened between 1950-1980, improved healthcare
  • economic investment-this has attracted people from the countryside due to an increase in job opportunities
38
Q

What are the impacts of migration on Mexico City?

A
  • lack of services
  • polltuion
  • ethnically diverse
  • shanty towns
  • segregation and classism
  • younger population
39
Q

Extreme wealth vs poverty in Mexico City

A
  • wages- 1/3 of pop. earn less than £3 day- worse quality of life
  • education- the bottom 10% average only 2 years of school and the richest is 12 years. this means lack of qualifications etc
  • services-shanty towns recieve little running water, electricity
40
Q

Why does quality of life vary in Mexico City?

A

services- richer residents have high access to things such as running water etc. poor have to travel certain distances for such things
working hours-richer residents work less and earn more which means more time for leisure and better quality of life
political power- richer esidents are more likely to influence local politics, improving their quality of life

41
Q

What are the impacts of rapid urbanisation on Mexico City

A
  • housing shortages: living in garbage dumps and searching through to sell things for money
  • undermeployment: people who work seven days a week doing multiple jobs
  • pollution: surrounded by mountains so pollution is trapped, more people means more cars and more co2 emmisions, disease
  • inadequate services: generates 13,000 tonnes of waste and only 9,000 tonnes are send to land fill, so waste is dumped in the streets
  • squatter settlements: migrants from the countryside build illegal settlements from waste materials on the edge of the city with no running water and electricity

Geography Paper 2 (2 decks)

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